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2-aminobutyrate + glyoxylate
?
-
-
-
-
?
3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine + 2-oxoglutarate
3-(2,5-diiodo-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxopropanoate + L-glutamate
-
slightly better than L-kynurenine
-
?
3-hydroxykynurenine + glyoxylate
?
-
-
-
-
?
3-hydroxykynurenine + pyruvate
?
-
-
-
?
L-2-aminoheptane-1,7-dioate + 2-oxoglutarate
2-oxoheptane-1,7-dioate + L-glutamate
-
at 39.7% of the activity with 2-aminohexane-1,6-dioate
-
?
L-2-aminohexane-1,6-dioate + 2-oxoglutarate
2-oxohexane-1,6-dioate + L-glutamate
Hansenula schneggii
-
at about 60% the rate of L-kynurenine
-
?
L-3-hydroxykynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
xanthurenic acid + L-glutamate
L-4-chloro-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
L-7-chloro-kynurenic acid + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
L-5-chloro-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
L-6-chloro-kynurenic acid + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
L-alanine + 2-oxobutanoate
pyruvate + 2-aminobutanoate
-
-
-
?
L-alanine + glyoxylate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-asparagine + 2-oxobutanoate
2-oxosuccinamic acid + 2-aminobutanoate
L-asparagine + glyoxylate
?
-
KAT II has high transamination activity toward L-asparagine
-
-
?
L-cysteine + 2-oxobutanoate
2-aminobutanoate + 3-mercapto-2-oxopropanoate
L-cysteine + 2-oxobutanoate
? + 2-aminobutanoate
-
-
-
?
L-cysteine + glyoxylate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-glutamine + 2-oxobutanoate
2-oxoglutarate + 2-aminobutanoate
L-glutamine + glyoxylate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-histidine + 2-oxobutanoate
3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-oxopropanoate + 2-aminobutanoate
L-histidine + 2-oxoglutarate
3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-oxopropanoate + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
L-histidine + glyoxylate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate
kynurenate + L-methionine
L-kynurenine + 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate
kynurenic acid + L-methionine
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoadipate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoadipate
kynurenic acid + 2-aminoadipate + H2O
L-kynurenine + 2-oxobutanoate
4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + 2-aminobutanoate
L-kynurenine + 2-oxobutyrate
?
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxobutyrate
kynurenate + ?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxobutyrate
kynurenic acid + 2-aminobutanoate
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxobutyrate
kynurenic acid + 2-aminobutanoate + H2O
L-kynurenine + 2-oxocaproate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxocaproic acid
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxocaproic acid
kynurenic acid + 2-aminohexanoate
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
4-(2-aminophenyl)2,4-dioxobutanoate + L-glutamate
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
?
-
poor cosubstrate for KAT III
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenate + L-glutamate
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
L-kynurenine + 2-oxohexanedioate
kynurenic acid + 2-aminohexanedioate + H2O
L-kynurenine + 2-oxohexanoate
kynurenic acid + L-norleucine + H2O
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoisocaproate
4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + L-leucine
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoisohexanoate
kynurenic acid + 2-aminoisohexanoate + H2O
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoisopentanoate
kynurenic acid + 2-aminoisopentanoate + H2O
-
poor substrate
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxomethylthiobutyric acid
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxopentanoate
kynurenic acid + L-norvaline + H2O
L-kynurenine + 2-oxovalerate
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxovalerate
kynurenic acid + 2-aminopentanoate
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 3-indole-2-oxopropanoate
kynurenic acid + L-tryptophan + H2O
L-kynurenine + 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate
kynurenic acid + L-isoleucine + H2O
-
poor substrate
-
?
L-kynurenine + 3-phenyl-2-oxopropanoate
kynurenic acid + L-phenylalanine + H2O
L-kynurenine + 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 4-methyl-2-oxovalerate
kynurenic acid + 2,4-dimethylvalerate + H2O
5.9% of activity with 2-oxoglutarate
-
?
L-kynurenine + 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutyrate
kynurenic acid + L-methionine + H2O
L-kynurenine + glyoxylate
4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + glycine
L-kynurenine + glyoxylate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + glyoxylate
kynurenic acid + glycine
L-kynurenine + glyoxylate
kynurenic acid + glycine + H2O
L-kynurenine + hydroxyphenylpyruvate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + hydroxyphenylpyruvate
kynurenic acid + L-tyrosine
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + indo-3-pyruvate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + indol-3-ylpyruvate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + indole-3-pyruvate
kynurenic acid + L-tryptophan
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + mercaptopyruvate
4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + L-cysteine
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + mercaptopyruvate
?
L-kynurenine + mercaptopyruvate
kynurenic acid + ?
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + oxaloacetate
4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + 2-aminosuccinate
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + oxaloacetate
?
L-kynurenine + oxaloacetate
kynurenate + L-aspartate
L-kynurenine + oxaloacetate
kynurenic acid + L-aspartate
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + oxaloacetate
kynurenic acid + L-aspartate + H2O
L-kynurenine + p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + phenylpyruvate
4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + L-phenylalanine
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + phenylpyruvate
?
L-kynurenine + phenylpyruvate
kynurenic acid + L-phenylalanine
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + phenylpyruvate
phenylalanine + L-glutamate + H2O
43% of activity with 2-oxoglutarate
-
?
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoic acid + L-alanine
-
-
-
-
ir
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
4-(2-aminophenyl)2,4-dioxobutanoate + L-alanine
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
?
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
kynurenic acid + L-alanine
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
kynurenic acid + L-alanine + H2O
L-leucine + 2-oxobutanoate
2-oxoisocaproate + 2-aminobutanoate
-
-
-
-
?
L-leucine + 2-oxobutanoate
alpha-ketoleucine + 2-aminobutanoate
-
-
-
?
L-leucine + 2-oxoglutarate
4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate
L-lysine + glyoxylate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-methionine + 2-oxobutanoate
4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + 2-aminobutanoate
L-methionine + 2-oxoglutarate
4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + glutamate
L-methionine + glyoxylate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-norleucine + 2-oxoglutarate
2-oxohexanoate + L-glutamate
-
at about 30% the rate of L-kynurenine
-
?
L-phenylalanine + 2-oxobutanoate
phenylpyruvate + 2-aminobutanoate
L-phenylalanine + 2-oxoglutarate
phenylpyruvate + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
L-phenylalanine + glyoxylate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-serine + 2-oxobutanoate
3-hydroxy-2-oxopropanoate + 2-aminobutanoate
-
-
-
?
L-serine + glyoxylate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-tryptophan + 2-oxobutanoate
3-indole-2-oxopropanoate + 2-aminobutanoate
L-tryptophan + 2-oxoglutarate
3-indole-2-oxopropanoate + L-glutamate
L-tryptophan + glyoxylate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-tyrosine + 2-oxobutanoate
3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxopropanoate + 2-aminobutanoate
L-tyrosine + 2-oxoglutarate
3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxopropanoate + L-glutamate
L-tyrosine + glyoxylate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-vinylglycine
2-oxobutyrate + NH3
Hansenula schneggii
-
deamination at 1% the rate of kynurenine, suicide substrate
-
?
L-vinylglycine + 1-propanethiol
S-n-propylhomocysteine
Hansenula schneggii
-
gamma-addition reaction in the presence of alkanethiols
-
?
L-vinylglycine + 2-oxobutyrate
2-aminobutyrate + 2-oxo-3-butenoate
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
-
?
L-vinylglycine + ethanethiol
ethionine
Hansenula schneggii
-
gamma-addition reaction in the presence of alkanethiols
i.e. S-ethylhomocysteine
?
L-vinylglycine + methanethiol
methionine
Hansenula schneggii
-
gamma-addition reaction in the presence of alkanethiols
-
?
additional information
?
-
L-3-hydroxykynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate

xanthurenic acid + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
L-3-hydroxykynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
xanthurenic acid + L-glutamate
Hansenula schneggii
-
at about 45% the rate of L-kynurenine
-
?
L-3-hydroxykynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
xanthurenic acid + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
L-3-hydroxykynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
xanthurenic acid + L-glutamate
-
-
-
-
L-3-hydroxykynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
xanthurenic acid + L-glutamate
-
-
-
-
L-3-hydroxykynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
xanthurenic acid + L-glutamate
-
-
-
-
L-3-hydroxykynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
xanthurenic acid + L-glutamate
-
-
-
ir
L-3-hydroxykynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
xanthurenic acid + L-glutamate
-
-
-
L-3-hydroxykynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
xanthurenic acid + L-glutamate
-
no activity with D-isomer
-
-
L-3-hydroxykynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
xanthurenic acid + L-glutamate
-
KAT I, no good substrate
-
-
L-3-hydroxykynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
xanthurenic acid + L-glutamate
-
-
-
-
L-asparagine + 2-oxobutanoate

2-oxosuccinamic acid + 2-aminobutanoate
-
-
-
?
L-asparagine + 2-oxobutanoate
2-oxosuccinamic acid + 2-aminobutanoate
-
-
-
-
?
L-cysteine + 2-oxobutanoate

2-aminobutanoate + 3-mercapto-2-oxopropanoate
-
-
-
-
?
L-cysteine + 2-oxobutanoate
2-aminobutanoate + 3-mercapto-2-oxopropanoate
-
-
-
-
?
L-glutamine + 2-oxobutanoate

2-oxoglutarate + 2-aminobutanoate
-
-
-
-
?
L-glutamine + 2-oxobutanoate
2-oxoglutarate + 2-aminobutanoate
-
-
-
?
L-glutamine + 2-oxobutanoate
2-oxoglutarate + 2-aminobutanoate
-
-
-
-
?
L-histidine + 2-oxobutanoate

3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-oxopropanoate + 2-aminobutanoate
-
-
-
?
L-histidine + 2-oxobutanoate
3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-oxopropanoate + 2-aminobutanoate
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate

?
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate

kynurenate + L-methionine
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate
kynurenate + L-methionine
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoadipate

kynurenic acid + 2-aminoadipate + H2O
25% of activity with pyruvate
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoadipate
kynurenic acid + 2-aminoadipate + H2O
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoadipate
kynurenic acid + 2-aminoadipate + H2O
91% of activity with 2-oxoglutarate
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxobutanoate

4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + 2-aminobutanoate
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxobutanoate
4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + 2-aminobutanoate
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxobutyrate

kynurenate + ?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxobutyrate
kynurenate + ?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxobutyrate

kynurenic acid + 2-aminobutanoate + H2O
Hansenula schneggii
-
less effective than 2-oxoglutarate
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxobutyrate
kynurenic acid + 2-aminobutanoate + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxobutyrate
kynurenic acid + 2-aminobutanoate + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxobutyrate
kynurenic acid + 2-aminobutanoate + H2O
-
less effective than 2-oxoglutarate
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxobutyrate
kynurenic acid + 2-aminobutanoate + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxobutyrate
kynurenic acid + 2-aminobutanoate + H2O
28% of activity with 2-oxoglutarate
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate

4-(2-aminophenyl)2,4-dioxobutanoate + L-glutamate
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
4-(2-aminophenyl)2,4-dioxobutanoate + L-glutamate
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
4-(2-aminophenyl)2,4-dioxobutanoate + L-glutamate
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate

kynurenate + L-glutamate
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenate + L-glutamate
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate

kynurenic acid + L-glutamate
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate
highest activity with aspartate and glutamate as substrate, but also active with other amino acids
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate

kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
31% of activity with pyruvate
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
via o-aminobenzoylpyruvic acid which is immediately converted to the intramolecularly dehydrated and cyclized form kynurenic acid
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
Hansenula schneggii
-
broad specificity
-
ir
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
Hansenula schneggii
-
best substrates
-
ir
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
Hansenula schneggii
-
best substrates
via o-aminobenzoylpyruvic acid which is immediately converted to the intramolecularly dehydrated and cyclized form kynurenic acid
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
Hansenula schneggii
-
initial reaction in quinaldine pathway of kynurenine catabolism
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
Hansenula schneggii
-
inducible enzyme of tryptophan catabolism
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
KAT I shows far higher activity with 2-oxoisohexanoate than with 2-oxoglutarate
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
via o-aminobenzoylpyruvic acid which is immediately converted to the intramolecularly dehydrated and cyclized form kynurenic acid
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
no activity with D-kynureinine
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
broad specificity
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
best substrates
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
best substrates
-
ir
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
soluble kidney/brain kynurenine aminotransferase has both amino transferase and cysteine conjugate beta-lyase, i.e., glutamine transaminase K activities
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
KAT II shows equal activity with 2-oxoglutarate and pyruvate, KAT I shows lower activity with 2-oxoglutarate than with pyruvate, ratio of KAT I to KAT II in normal brain is approx. 1/4
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
enzyme has both kynurenine aminotransferase and alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase activity
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
enzyme has both kynurenine aminotransferase and glutamine transaminase K activity
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
isoenzyme 2, no activity with L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan, 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan and L-aspartate
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
inducible enzyme of tryptophan catabolism
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
isoenzyme 2, no activity with L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan, 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan and L-aspartate
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
best substrates
-
ir
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
via o-aminobenzoylpyruvic acid which is immediately converted to the intramolecularly dehydrated and cyclized form kynurenic acid
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
Saccharomyces fragilis
-
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
via o-aminobenzoylpyruvic acid which is immediately converted to the intramolecularly dehydrated and cyclized form kynurenic acid
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate
kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O
-
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxohexanedioate

kynurenic acid + 2-aminohexanedioate + H2O
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxohexanedioate
kynurenic acid + 2-aminohexanedioate + H2O
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxohexanedioate
kynurenic acid + 2-aminohexanedioate + H2O
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxohexanedioate
kynurenic acid + 2-aminohexanedioate + H2O
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoisohexanoate

kynurenic acid + 2-aminoisohexanoate + H2O
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoisohexanoate
kynurenic acid + 2-aminoisohexanoate + H2O
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoisohexanoate
kynurenic acid + 2-aminoisohexanoate + H2O
-
KAT I shows far higher activity with 2-oxoisohexanoate than with 2-oxoglutarate
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoisohexanoate
kynurenic acid + 2-aminoisohexanoate + H2O
-
heart KAT, low activity
-
-
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoisohexanoate
kynurenic acid + 2-aminoisohexanoate + H2O
-
less effective than 2-oxoglutarate
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxopentanoate

kynurenic acid + L-norvaline + H2O
Hansenula schneggii
-
less effective than 2-oxoglutarate
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxopentanoate
kynurenic acid + L-norvaline + H2O
-
less effective than 2-oxoglutarate
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxovalerate

?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 2-oxovalerate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 3-indole-2-oxopropanoate

kynurenic acid + L-tryptophan + H2O
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 3-indole-2-oxopropanoate
kynurenic acid + L-tryptophan + H2O
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 3-phenyl-2-oxopropanoate

kynurenic acid + L-phenylalanine + H2O
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + 3-phenyl-2-oxopropanoate
kynurenic acid + L-phenylalanine + H2O
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 3-phenyl-2-oxopropanoate
kynurenic acid + L-phenylalanine + H2O
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutyrate

kynurenic acid + L-methionine + H2O
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutyrate
kynurenic acid + L-methionine + H2O
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + glyoxylate

4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + glycine
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + glyoxylate
4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + glycine
-
glyoxylate shows a relatively low affinity for KAT II
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + glyoxylate

kynurenic acid + glycine
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + glyoxylate
kynurenic acid + glycine
2-oxobutyrate is also a co-substrate
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + glyoxylate
kynurenic acid + glycine
alpha-ketobutyrate is also a co-substrate
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + glyoxylate

kynurenic acid + glycine + H2O
-
poor substrate
-
?
L-kynurenine + glyoxylate
kynurenic acid + glycine + H2O
-
poor substrate
-
?
L-kynurenine + mercaptopyruvate

?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + mercaptopyruvate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + oxaloacetate

?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + oxaloacetate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + oxaloacetate

kynurenate + L-aspartate
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + oxaloacetate
kynurenate + L-aspartate
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + oxaloacetate

kynurenic acid + L-aspartate + H2O
90% of activity with pyruvate
-
?
L-kynurenine + oxaloacetate
kynurenic acid + L-aspartate + H2O
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + oxaloacetate
kynurenic acid + L-aspartate + H2O
-
less effective than 2-oxoglutarate
-
?
L-kynurenine + oxaloacetate
kynurenic acid + L-aspartate + H2O
-
less effective than 2-oxoglutarate
-
?
L-kynurenine + phenylpyruvate

?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + phenylpyruvate
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + phenylpyruvate
?
-
poor cosubstrate for KAT III
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + pyruvate

?
-
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
?
-
poor cosubstrate for KAT III
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + pyruvate

kynurenic acid + L-alanine + H2O
best amino acceptor
-
?
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
kynurenic acid + L-alanine + H2O
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
kynurenic acid + L-alanine + H2O
-
placental KAT I, higher activity than with 2-oxoglutarate
-
-
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
kynurenic acid + L-alanine + H2O
-
best substrate of heart KAT
-
-
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
kynurenic acid + L-alanine + H2O
-
KAT I shows far higher activity with 2-oxoisohexanoate and pyruvate than with 2-oxoglutarate
-
?
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
kynurenic acid + L-alanine + H2O
-
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
kynurenic acid + L-alanine + H2O
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
kynurenic acid + L-alanine + H2O
-
-
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
kynurenic acid + L-alanine + H2O
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
kynurenic acid + L-alanine + H2O
-
-
-
-
-
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
kynurenic acid + L-alanine + H2O
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
kynurenic acid + L-alanine + H2O
-
less effective than 2-oxoglutarate
-
?
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
kynurenic acid + L-alanine + H2O
-
less effective than 2-oxoglutarate
-
?
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
kynurenic acid + L-alanine + H2O
-
less effective than 2-oxoglutarate
-
?
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
kynurenic acid + L-alanine + H2O
-
less effective than 2-oxoglutarate
-
?
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
kynurenic acid + L-alanine + H2O
3% of activity with 2-oxoglutarate
-
?
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
kynurenic acid + L-alanine + H2O
-
100fold higher maximal velocity than with 2-oxoglutarate
-
?
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
kynurenic acid + L-alanine + H2O
-
-
-
?
L-kynurenine + pyruvate
kynurenic acid + L-alanine + H2O
-
less effective than 2-oxoglutarate
-
?
L-leucine + 2-oxoglutarate

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
-
-
-
L-leucine + 2-oxoglutarate
4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate
Hansenula schneggii
-
at about 85% the rate of L-kynurenine
-
?
L-methionine + 2-oxobutanoate

4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + 2-aminobutanoate
-
-
-
?
L-methionine + 2-oxobutanoate
4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + 2-aminobutanoate
-
-
-
-
?
L-methionine + 2-oxoglutarate

4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + glutamate
Hansenula schneggii
-
at about 36% the rate of L-kynurenine
-
?
L-methionine + 2-oxoglutarate
4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + glutamate
-
12% the rate of L-kynurenine
-
?
L-phenylalanine + 2-oxobutanoate

phenylpyruvate + 2-aminobutanoate
-
-
-
?
L-phenylalanine + 2-oxobutanoate
phenylpyruvate + 2-aminobutanoate
-
-
-
-
?
L-tryptophan + 2-oxobutanoate

3-indole-2-oxopropanoate + 2-aminobutanoate
-
-
-
?
L-tryptophan + 2-oxobutanoate
3-indole-2-oxopropanoate + 2-aminobutanoate
-
-
-
-
?
L-tryptophan + 2-oxoglutarate

3-indole-2-oxopropanoate + L-glutamate
Hansenula schneggii
-
at about 60% the rate of L-kynurenine
-
?
L-tryptophan + 2-oxoglutarate
3-indole-2-oxopropanoate + L-glutamate
-
poor substrate
-
?
L-tryptophan + 2-oxoglutarate
3-indole-2-oxopropanoate + L-glutamate
-
16% the rate of L-kynurenine
-
?
L-tyrosine + 2-oxobutanoate

3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxopropanoate + 2-aminobutanoate
-
-
-
?
L-tyrosine + 2-oxobutanoate
3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxopropanoate + 2-aminobutanoate
-
-
-
-
?
L-tyrosine + 2-oxoglutarate

3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxopropanoate + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
L-tyrosine + 2-oxoglutarate
3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxopropanoate + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
additional information

?
-
the purified recombinant KAT shows dose-dependent inhibition effect on the growth of equine babesial parasite, Babesia caballi, in in vitro culture
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
no activity towards L-tryptophan and pyruvic acid
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
very bad substrate: L-glycine, L-alanine, L-arginine, L-serine, L-lysine, no substrate: l-threonine, L-isoleucine, L-aspartate, L-glutamate, L-valine, L-aminoadipate
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxocaproate, phenylpyruvate, and 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate are highly efficient as amino-group acceptors for KAT II
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
3-indolepropionic acid and DL-indole-3-lactic acid are no substrates of kynurenine aminotransferase I
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
KAT I is most active with large neutral/aromatic/sulfur-containing amino acids, including L-glutamine, L-phenylalanine, L-leucine, L-kynurenine, L-tryptophan, L-methionine, L-tyrosine, L-histidine, L-cysteine, aminobutyrate, S-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine, and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine. The enzyme has detectable activity with Se-methylselenocysteine, 5-S-cysteinyldopamine, 5-S-cysteinyl-DOPA, L-asparagine, glycine, L-alanine, L-arginine, L-serine, and L-lysine. KAT I can use many 2-oxo acids as its amino group acceptors: 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxocaproic acid, phenylpyruvate, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate, mercaptopyruvate, indol-3-ylpyruvate, 2-oxovalerate, 2-oxoleucine, 2-oxobutyrate, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, 2-oxoadipate, glyoxylate, oxaloacetate, 2-oxovaline, 2-oxoisoleucine, and pyruvate. All of them demonstrate the capacity to act as amino group acceptors, but 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxoiosleucine, indo-3-pyruvate, 2-oxoadipate, and 2-oxovaline have very low activity. Although the activity of KAT I using oxaloacetate, phenylpyruvate, or pyruvate as an amino group acceptor is detectable, the specific activity with these three 2-oxo acids is so low that they are unlikely to be physiological co-substrates for human KAT I
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
KAT II is efficient in catalyzing the transamination of aminoadipate, L-kynurenine, L-methionine, and L-glutamate, and is less efficient in catalyzing L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan, L-leucine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, L-glutamine, L-alanine, and aminobutyrate. KAT II is efficient in catalyzing the transamination of 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxocaproic acid, phenylpyruvate, and 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate, and less efficient in catalyzing mercaptopyruvate, indol-3-ylpyruvate, 2-oxovalerate, 2-oxoleucine, 2-oxobutyrate, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, 2-oxoadipate, glyoxylate, oxaloacetate, 2-oxovaline, 2-oxoisoleucine, and pyruvate (in order of decreasing catalytic efficiency)
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
KAT III shows activity towards L-phenylalanine, L-kynurenine, L-tryptophan, 3-hydroxykynurenine, L-tyrosine, and L-histidine, L-methionine and L-cysteine, L-glutamine, L-asparagine, L-serine, L-alanine, aminobutyrate, and L-lysine. Glyoxylate, 2-oxocaproic acid, phenylpyruvate, 2-oxobutyrate, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate, 2-oxovalerate, indol-3-ylpyruvate, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, mercaptopyruvate, and oxaloacetate are good amino group acceptors for KAT III and pyruvate, phenylpyruvate, while 2-oxoglutarate are poor co-substrates for the enzyme
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
KAT IV shows high transamination activity towards L-glutamate, L-aspartate, L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-cysteine, and detectable activity towards L-tryptophan, 3-hydroxykynurenine, L-methionine, L-kynurenine, and L-asparagine. It can use 2-oxoglutarate, phenylpyruvate, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate, indol-3-ylpyruvate, hydroxyphenylpyruvate, mercaptopyruvate, 2-oxocaproic acid, oxaloacetate, 2-oxobutyrate, pyruvate, and glyoxylate as amino group acceptors. It also shows detectable activity towards other co-substrates, including 2-oxovalerate, 2-oxoleucine, 2-oxoadipate, 2-oxovaline, and 2-oxoisoleucine
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
human KAT III/CCBL2 possesses cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyase activity, EC 4.4.1.13. KAtT III and glutamine transaminase L are identical enzymes
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
KAT I is most active with large neutral/aromatic/sulfur-containing amino acids, including L-glutamine, L-phenylalanine, L-leucine, L-kynurenine, L-tryptophan, L-methionine, L-tyrosine, L-histidine, L-cysteine, aminobutyrate, S-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine, and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine. The enzyme has detectable activity with Se-methylselenocysteine, 5-S-cysteinyldopamine, 5-S-cysteinyl-DOPA, L-asparagine, glycine, L-alanine, L-arginine, L-serine, and L-lysine. KAT I can use many 2-oxo acids as its amino group acceptors: 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxocaproic acid, phenylpyruvate, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate, mercaptopyruvate, indo-3-pyruvate, 2-oxovalerate, 2-oxoleucine, 2-oxobutyrate, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, 2-oxoadipate, glyoxylate, oxaloacetate, 2-oxovaline, 2-oxoisoleucine, and pyruvate. All of them demonstrate the capacity to act as amino group acceptors, but 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxoiosleucine, indol-3-ylpyruvate, 2-oxoadipate, and 2-oxovaline have very low activity. Although the activity of KAT I using oxaloacetate, phenylpyruvate, or pyruvate as an amino group acceptor is detectable, the specific activity with these three 2-oxo acids is so low that they are unlikely to be physiological co-substrates for human KAT I
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
KAT II is efficient in catalyzing the transamination of aminoadipate, L-kynurenine, L-methionine, and L-glutamate, and is less efficient in catalyzing L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan, L-leucine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, L-glutamine, L-alanine, and aminobutyrate. KAT II is efficient in catalyzing the transamination of 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxocaproic acid, phenylpyruvate, and alpha-oxo-gamma-methiol-butyric acid, and less efficient in catalyzing mercaptopyruvate, indol-3-ylpyruvate, 2-oxovalerate, 2-oxoleucine, 2-oxobutyrate, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, 2-oxoadipate, glyoxylate, oxaloacetate, 2-oxovaline, 2-oxoisoleucine, and pyruvate (in order of decreasing catalytic efficiency)
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
KAT III does not use L-valine, L-proline, L-threonine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-glutamate, L-aspartate, L-arginine, and aminoadipate as substrates
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
KAT III shows activity towards L-phenylalanine, L-kynurenine, L-tryptophan, 3-hydroxykynurenine, L-tyrosine, and L-histidine, L-methionine and L-cysteine, L-glutamine, L-asparagine, L-serine, L-alanine, aminobutyrate, and L-lysine. Glyoxylate, 2-oxocaproic acid, phenylpyruvate, 2-oxobutyrate, alpha-oxo-gamma-methiol-butyric acid, 2-oxovalerate, indo-3-pyruvate, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, mercaptopyruvate, and oxaloacetate are good amino group acceptors for KAT III and pyruvate, phenylpyruvate, while 2-oxoglutarate are poor co-substrates for the enzyme
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
KAT IV shows high transamination activity towards L-glutamate, L-aspartate, L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-cysteine, and detectable activity towards L-tryptophan, 3-hydroxykynurenine, L-methionine, L-kynurenine, and L-asparagine. It can use 2-oxoglutarate, phenylpyruvate, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate, indol-3-ylpyruvate, hydroxyphenylpyruvate, mercaptopyruvate, 2-oxocaproic acid, oxaloacetate, 2-oxobutyrate, pyruvate, and glyoxylate as amino group acceptors. It also shows detectable activity towards other co-substrates, including 2-oxovalerate, 2-oxoleucine, 2-oxoadipate, 2-oxovaline, and 2-oxoisoleucine
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
does not use D-kynurenine as substrate
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
KAT I is most active with large neutral/aromatic/sulfur-containing amino acids, including L-glutamine, L-phenylalanine, L-leucine, L-kynurenine, L-tryptophan, L-methionine, L-tyrosine, L-histidine, L-cysteine, aminobutyrate, S-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine, and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine. The enzyme has detectable activity with Se-methylselenocysteine, 5-S-cysteinyldopamine, 5-S-cysteinyl-DOPA, L-asparagine, glycine, L-alanine, L-arginine, L-serine, and L-lysine. KAT I can use many 2-oxo acids as its amino group acceptors: 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxocaproic acid, phenylpyruvate, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate, mercaptopyruvate, indol-3-ylpyruvate, 2-oxovalerate, 2-oxoleucine, 2-oxobutyrate, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, 2-oxoadipate, glyoxylate, oxaloacetate, 2-oxovaline, 2-oxoisoleucine, and pyruvate. All of them demonstrate the capacity to act as amino group acceptors, but 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxoisoleucine, indol-3-ylpyruvate, 2-oxoadipate, and 2-oxovaline have very low activity. Although the activity of KAT I using oxaloacetate, phenylpyruvate, or pyruvate as an amino group acceptor is detectable, the specific activity with these three 2-oxo acids is so low that they are unlikely to be physiological co-substrates for human KAT I
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
KAT II is efficient in catalyzing the transamination of aminoadipate, L-kynurenine, L-methionine, and L-glutamate, and is less efficient in catalyzing L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan, L-leucine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, L-glutamine, L-alanine, and aminobutyrate. KAT II is efficient in catalyzing the transamination of 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxocaproic acid, phenylpyruvate, and 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate, and less efficient in catalyzing mercaptopyruvate, indol-3-ylpyruvate, 2-oxovalerate, 2-oxoleucine, 2-oxobutyrate, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, 2-oxoadipate, glyoxylate, oxaloacetate, 2-oxovaline, 2-oxoisoleucine, and pyruvate (in order of decreasing catalytic efficiency)
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
KAT III shows activity towards L-phenylalanine, L-kynurenine, L-tryptophan, 3-hydroxykynurenine, L-tyrosine, and L-histidine, L-methionine and L-cysteine, L-glutamine, L-asparagine, L-serine, L-alanine, aminobutyrate, and L-lysine. Glyoxylate, 2-oxocaproic acid, phenylpyruvate, 2-oxobutyrate, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate, 2-oxovalerate, indol-3-ylpyruvate, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, mercaptopyruvate, and oxaloacetate are good amino group acceptors for KAT III and pyruvate, phenylpyruvate, while 2-oxoglutarate are poor co-substrates for the enzyme
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
KAT IV shows high transamination activity towards L-glutamate, L-aspartate, L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-cysteine, and detectable activity towards L-tryptophan, 3-hydroxykynurenine, L-methionine, L-kynurenine, and L-asparagine. It can use 2-oxoglutarate, phenylpyruvate, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate, indol-3-ylpyruvate, hydroxyphenylpyruvate, mercaptopyruvate, 2-oxocaproic acid, oxaloacetate, 2-oxobutyrate, pyruvate, and glyoxylate as amino group acceptors. It also shows detectable activity towards other co-substrates, including 2-oxovalerate, 2-oxoleucine, 2-oxoadipate, 2-oxovaline, and 2-oxoisoleucine
-
-
-
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(3S)-3-amino-1-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one
(3S)-3-amino-6-benzyl-1-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one
-
-
(R)-2-amino-4-(4-(ethylsulfonyl)phenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid
-
71% inhibition at 1 mM, 63% inhibition at 0.1 mM, poor substrate that undergo slow transamination, KM-value 4.5 mM, Kcat-value 0.15 1/sec, pH 7.5, 25°C
(S)-(-)-9-(4-aminopiperazin-1-yl)-8-fluoro-3-methyl-6-oxo-2,3-dihydro-6H-1-oxa-3a-azaphenalene-5-carboxylic acid
-
BFF-122
(S)-(4)-(ethylsulfonyl)benzoylalanine
-
no inhibition of the human enzyme
(S)-4-ethylsulfonylbenzoylalanine
-
specific inhibitor of KAT II
(S)-9-(4-aminopiperazine-1-yl)-8-fluoro-3-methyl-6-oxo-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-1-oxa-3a-azaphenalene-5-carboxylic acid
-
BFF 122, KAT II activity is totally blocked at 0.01 mM, 43% inhibition of KAT II at 0.001 mM, 26% inhibition of KAT I at 1 mM
3-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-chloro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid
-
-
3-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-nitro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid
-
-
3-Methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone hydrochloride
Hansenula schneggii
-
0.1 mM, complete inhibition, reversible by pyridoxal phosphate
4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine
-
inhibition of brain KAT II
5-(2-(3-chlorophenyl)hydrazono)-6-ethoxy-6-oxohexanoic acid
-
-
5-(2-(4-bromophenyl)hydrazono)-6-ethoxy-6-oxohexanoic acid
-
-
5-(2-(4-chlorophenyl) hydrazono)-6-ethoxy-6-oxohexanoic acid
-
-
5-bromo-3-(2-carboxyethyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid
-
-
6-ethoxy-5-(2-(4-iodophenyl)hydrazono)-6-oxohexanoic acid
-
-
6-ethoxy-5-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)hydrazono)-6-oxohexanoic acid
-
-
6-ethoxy-5-(2-(4-nitrophenyl)hydrazono)-6-oxohexanoic acid
-
-
6-ethoxy-6-oxo-5-(2-p-tolylhydrazono)hexanoic acid
-
-
alpha-aminoadipate
-
strong inhibition of KAT II
amino-2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-oxo-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
-
inhibitory in whole cells
aminooxyacetic acid
-
inhibitory in whole cells
anthranilate
-
weak inhibition
cysteine sulfinate
-
poor substrate that undergoes slow transamination, KM-value 12.3 mM, pH 7.5, 25°C
dimethylglutaric acid
-
-
-
EGTA
-
strong inhibition at pH 6.8 and Ca2+ concentrations below 0.5 mM
Indole-3-pyruvate
-
5 mM, complete inhibition
indole-3-pyruvic acid
-
-
Isonicotinic acid hydrazide
-
anti-tuberculosis drug, enzyme is inhibited in animals fed with a diet containing isonicotinic acid hydrazide and by injection of the drug
KCN
-
complete inhibition
Kynurenate
-
weak inhibition
L- glutamate
-
5 mM decreases KAT II activity
L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid
-
inhibition of brain KAT II
L-Cycloserine
Hansenula schneggii
-
0.1 mM, 88% inhibition, reversible by pyridoxal phosphate
L-cysteate
-
5.38 mM, 50% inhibition of brain KAT I, 1.55 mM, 50% inhibition of brain KAT II
L-cysteine sulfinate
-
0.002 mM, 50% inhibition of brain KAT II
L-Homocysteate
-
5.0 mM, 50% inhibition of brain KAT I, 2.1 mM, 50% inhibition of brain KAT II
L-Homocysteine sulfinate
-
1.59 mM, 50% inhibition of brain KAT II
L-Penicillamine
Hansenula schneggii
-
0.1 mM, 62% inhibition, reversible by pyridoxal phosphate
L-serine-O-phosphate
-
inhibition of brain KAT II
N-ethylmaleimide
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
N-omega-nitro-L-arginine
-
-
nicotinate
-
weak inhibition
phenylhydrazine
Hansenula schneggii
-
0.1 mM, 81% inhibition, reversible by pyridoxal phosphate
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
-
at high concentrations
quinolinic acid
-
strong inhibition at pH 6.8 and Ca2+ concentrations below 0.5 mM
Quisqualic acid
-
1 mM, isoform KAT I, 81% residual activity, isoform KAT II, 1% residual activity
S-dichlorovinyl-L-cysteine
Sulfate or phosphate esters of steroids
-
-
-
trans-3-indolacrylic acid
-
-
trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate
-
inhibition of brain KAT II
-
Tris amine
-
the commonly used buffer for KAT I assays greatly inhibits KAT I around neutral pH conditions, but shows no inhibition at basic pH condition
xanthurenate
-
weak inhibition
(3S)-3-amino-1-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one

-
-
(3S)-3-amino-1-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one
-
i.e. PF-04859989, selective inhibitor
2-oxoglutarate

-
inhibited by high concentrations, allosterically regulated
2-oxoglutarate
-
substrate inhibition
3-hydroxykynurenine

-
less than 35% inhibition at 5 mM
3-hydroxykynurenine
-
5 mM decreases KAT II activity
3-hydroxykynurenine
-
2 mM, 50% inhibition of KAT I activity
3-hydroxykynurenine
-
0.6 mM, 54% inhibition of KAT I, 88% inhibition of KAT II
3-indolepropionic acid

-
specific inhibition of KAT I activity
3-indolepropionic acid
-
-
4-chloromercuribenzoate

Hansenula schneggii
-
1 mM, 78% inhibition
4-chloromercuribenzoate
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
4-chloromercuribenzoate
-
-
adipate

Hansenula schneggii
-
10 mM, 39% inhibition
adipate
-
strong inhibition
aminoadipate

-
less than 35% inhibition at 5 mM
aminoadipate
-
5 mM decreases KAT II activity
cysteine

-
-
Dicarboxylic acids

Hansenula schneggii
-
-
Dicarboxylic acids
-
C-2 to C-10
DL-indole-3-lactic acid

-
specific inhibition of KAT I activity
DL-indole-3-lactic acid
-
-
glutamate

-
glutamate
-
weak inhibition
glutamine

-
0.08 mM; inhibition of KAT I
glutamine
-
0.08 mM; 50% inhibition of placental KAT I
glutamine
-
strong inhibition of KAT I, phenylpyruvate, 2-oxo-4-methiolbutyrate or 2-oxo-isocaproate protect
glutamine
-
strong inhibition of KAT I
Hg2+

Hansenula schneggii
-
0.1 mM, 89% inhibition
Hg2+
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
hydroxylamine

Hansenula schneggii
-
0.1 mM, complete inhibition after 30 min
hydroxylamine
-
complete inhibition
Indole-3-propionic acid

-
-
Indole-3-propionic acid
-
iodoacetate

Hansenula schneggii
-
1 mM, 64% inhibition
iodoacetate
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
L-asparagine

-
less than 35% inhibition at 5 mM
L-asparagine
-
5 mM decreases KAT II activity
L-aspartate

-
specific inhibitor of KAT IV
L-aspartate
-
0.72 mM, 50% inhibition of brain KAT I, 0.073 mM, 50% inhibition of brain KAT II
L-cysteine

at 1.25 mM, 3fold stimulation, at 10 mM, 70% inhibition
L-cysteine
-
less than 35% inhibition at 5 mM
L-cysteine
-
5 mM decreases KAT II activity; inhibition of human KAT I activity at 2 mM
L-cysteine
-
inhibition of KAT I
L-cysteine
-
inhibitory in whole cells
L-glutamate

-
less than 35% inhibition at 5 mM
L-glutamate
-
1.3 mM, 50% inhibition of brain KAT I, 0.79 mM, 50% inhibition of brain KAT II
L-glutamine

-
inhibition of KAT I activity at 2 mM
L-histidine

-
less than 35% inhibition at 5 mM
L-histidine
-
5 mM decreases KAT II activity
L-kynurenine

-
inhibition above 5 mM
L-kynurenine
-
substrate inhibition above 6 mM
L-leucine

-
-
L-leucine
-
inhibitory in whole cells
L-lysine

-
less than 35% inhibition at 5 mM
L-lysine
-
5 mM decreases KAT II activity
L-methionine

-
specific inhibitor of KAT III
L-phenylalanine

-
inhibition of KAT I
L-phenylalanine
-
less than 35% inhibition at 5 mM
L-phenylalanine
-
5 mM decreases KAT II activity; inhibition of KAT I activity at 2 mM
L-phenylalanine
-
strong inhibition of KAT I
L-tryptophan

-
1 mM, isoform KAT I, 3% residual activity, isoform KAT II, 129% activity
L-tryptophan
-
inhibition of KAT I
L-tryptophan
-
specific inhibition of KAT I activity at 2 mM
L-tryptophan
-
KAT I is greatly and specifically inhibited by 5 mM L-tryptophan
L-tryptophan
-
strong inhibition of KAT I
L-tryptophan
-
inhibitory in whole cells
methionine

-
KAT III is greatly inhibited by 5 mM methionine
pimelate

Hansenula schneggii
-
10 mM, 53% inhibition
quisqualate

-
0.52 mM, 50% inhibition of KAT II, 2 mM, 80% inhibition
quisqualate
-
inhibition of brain KAT II
S-dichlorovinyl-L-cysteine

-
strong inhibition of KAT I
S-dichlorovinyl-L-cysteine
-
2 mM, 90% inhibition of KAT I and KAT II
Tris

-
Tris buffer pH 7.5, low activity, pH 8.0, no activity
tryptophan

-
KAT I is greatly inhibited by 2 mM tryptophan
additional information

Hansenula schneggii
-
not inhibited by EDTA, 2,2'-dipyridyl
-
additional information
-
KAT II is not inhibited by glutamine, tryptophan and phenylalanine
-
additional information
-
not inhibited by glyoxylate
-
additional information
-
KAT I is not inhibited by 2 mM methionine
-
additional information
-
glycerol is not a functional inhibitor of KAT I
-
additional information
-
(S)-(4)-(ethylsulfonyl)benzoylalanine shows no inhibition (inhibitor of the rat enzyme)
-
additional information
-
KAT III is not inhibited by 5 mM tryptophan; KAT I is not inhibited by 5 mM L-methionine
-
additional information
-
indol-3ylpyruvate shows no noticeable inhibition of KAT III
-
additional information
-
not inhibited by L-3-hydroxykynurenine at higher concentrations
-
additional information
-
not inhibited by aspartate, tyrosine, phenylalanine
-
additional information
-
not inhibited by EGTA; not inhibited by quinolinate
-
additional information
-
not inhibited by 2-aminoadipate; not inhibited by oxaloacetic acid, 3-methylglutaric acid
-
additional information
-
not inhibited by antibodies against 2-aminoadipate transaminase
-
additional information
-
not inhibited by glycerol, DTT, up to 10%, tryptophan, 3-hydroxyanthranilate, picolinate, NAD+, NADH, NADP+, NADPH, serotonin, tryptamine, 5-hydroxytryptophan, indole-3-acetate, organic acids of tricarboxylic acid cycle, glyoxylate, pyruvate, glutamine, Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, monovalent cations; not inhibited by quinolinate
-
additional information
-
KAT I is not inhibited by quisqualate
-
additional information
-
brain KAT I is not inhibited by quiqualate, 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine, L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid, L-serine-O-phosphate, and trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate
-
additional information
-
brain KAT I is not inhibited by L-cysteine sulfinate and L-homocysteine sulfinate
-
additional information
-
no influence on kynurenic acid synthesis: K+, 4-aminopyridine, N-methyl-D-aspartate
-
additional information
-
KAT is not inhibited by UPF 648
-
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21.3 - 92.7
2-aminobutanoate
0.00241 - 5.7
2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate
3
2-oxobutanoate
-
pH 7.5, 45°C
0.000217 - 42.2
2-oxobutyrate
1.5
2-oxocaproate
-
in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), at 37°C
0.5 - 10.4
2-oxocaproic acid
0.013 - 8.1
2-oxoglutarate
5.3
2-oxoisocaproic acid
-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
1.9
3-(2-aminobenzoyl)-L-alanine
Hansenula schneggii
-
pH 8.0, 37°C
0.2062
3-hydroxykynurenine
in 200 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, at 37°C
12.9 - 14.2
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate
3.3
4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate
-
in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), at 37°C
0.4
alpha-oxo-gamma-methiol-butyric acid
-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
1 - 1.6
hydroxyphenylpyruvate
0.5 - 1.4
indo-3-pyruvate
3.6
Indole-3-pyruvate
-
pH 7.5, 38°C
1.36 - 6.3
L-3-hydroxykynurenine
5.6
L-glutamate
-
pH 8.0, 37°C, alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase activity
1.1 - 3.5
L-phenylalanine
2.7
L-Vinylglycine
Hansenula schneggii
-
pH 8.0. 25°C
2.4 - 3.2
Mercaptopyruvate
0.00085 - 0.0013
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
0.0032
pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate
Hansenula schneggii
-
pH 8.0, 37°C
additional information
additional information
-
21.3
2-aminobutanoate

-
pH 7.5, 45°C
92.7
2-aminobutanoate
pH 8.5, 45°C
0.00241
2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate

-
0.1 mM L-kynurenine, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.00438
2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate
in 200 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, at 37°C
2.4
2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate
-
in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), at 37°C
5.7
2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate
-
pH 7.5, 38°C
0.01
2-oxoadipate

-
-
20.9
2-oxoadipate
-
in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), at 37°C
0.000217
2-oxobutyrate

in 200 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, at 37°C
0.00173
2-oxobutyrate
-
0.1 mM L-kynurenine, pH 7.5, 25°C
1
2-oxobutyrate
-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
12.7
2-oxobutyrate
-
in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), at 37°C
42.2
2-oxobutyrate
-
pH 7.5, 38°C
0.5
2-oxocaproic acid

-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
10.4
2-oxocaproic acid
-
pH 7.5, 38°C
0.013
2-oxoglutarate

-
cosubstrate hydroxykynurenine
0.02
2-oxoglutarate
-
cosubstrate L-kynurenine
0.024
2-oxoglutarate
-
pH 9.5, 37°C, KAT I
0.045
2-oxoglutarate
-
pH 8.0, 37°C, recombinant enzyme, cosubstrate L-kyrunenine
0.096
2-oxoglutarate
-
pH 8.0, 37°C, recombinant mitochondrial enzyme
0.62
2-oxoglutarate
-
pH 8.0, 37°C, heart KAT, at 5 mM L-kynurenine
0.7
2-oxoglutarate
-
pH 7.5, 37°C, cosubstrate L-kynurenine
0.879
2-oxoglutarate
-
pH 7.0, 37°C, KAT II
1
2-oxoglutarate
-
pH 6.5, 37°C
1.1
2-oxoglutarate
Hansenula schneggii
-
pH 8.0, 37°C, cosubstrate L-kynurenine
1.1
2-oxoglutarate
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
1.2
2-oxoglutarate
-
in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), at 37°C
1.2
2-oxoglutarate
-
pH not specified in the publication, temperature not specified in the publication
2.4
2-oxoglutarate
-
pH 7.5, 38°C
8.1
2-oxoglutarate
-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
1
2-oxoisocaproate

Hansenula schneggii
-
pH 8.0, 37°C, cosubstrate L-kynurenine
1
2-oxoisocaproate
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
1
2-oxoisocaproate
-
pH 7.5, 45°C
1.2
2-oxovalerate

-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
3.4
2-oxovalerate
-
in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), at 37°C
10.9
2-oxovalerate
-
pH 7.5, 38°C
12.9
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate

-
in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), at 37°C
14.2
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate
-
in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), at 37°C
1.2
beta-phenylpyruvate

Hansenula schneggii
-
pH 8.0, 37°C, cosubstrate L-kynurenine
1.2
beta-phenylpyruvate
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
0.4
glyoxylate

-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
1.5
glyoxylate
-
pH 7.5, 45°C
4.2
glyoxylate
-
pH 7.5, 38°C
18
glyoxylate
-
in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), at 37°C
1
hydroxyphenylpyruvate

-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
1.5
hydroxyphenylpyruvate
-
in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), at 37°C
1.6
hydroxyphenylpyruvate
-
pH 7.5, 38°C
0.5
indo-3-pyruvate

-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
1.4
indo-3-pyruvate
-
in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), at 37°C
1.36
L-3-hydroxykynurenine

-
pH 8.0, 37°C, recombinant enzyme
2
L-3-hydroxykynurenine
-
pH 6.5, 37°C
2.5
L-3-hydroxykynurenine
-
pH 7.2, 37°C, kidney mitochondria
5
L-3-hydroxykynurenine
-
pH 7.2, 37°C, liver supernatant
5.3
L-3-hydroxykynurenine
-
pH 7.2, 37°C, kidney supernatant
6.3
L-3-hydroxykynurenine
-
pH 7.2, 37°C, liver mitochondria
6.2
L-alanine

-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
246
L-alanine
pH 8.5, 45°C
1.4
L-asparagine

-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
6.1
L-asparagine
pH 8.5, 45°C
23.1
L-asparagine
-
pH 7.5, 45°C
0.7
L-cysteine

-
pH 7.5, 45°C
0.7
L-cysteine
-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
1.3
L-cysteine
pH 8.5, 45°C
0.7
L-glutamine

-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
2.8
L-glutamine
-
pH 7.5, 45°C
3.8
L-glutamine
pH 8.5, 45°C
0.7
L-histidine

-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
1.5
L-histidine
pH 8.5, 45°C
5.4
L-histidine
-
pH 7.5, 45°C
0.083
L-kynurenine

-
pH 8.0, 37°C, recombinant enzyme, cosubstrate 2-oxoglutarate
0.1116
L-kynurenine
in 200 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, at 37°C
0.2
L-kynurenine
-
E61G mutant KAT I from brain
0.25
L-kynurenine
-
pH 8.0. 30°C
0.68
L-kynurenine
-
mass spectrometry assay, pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
0.95
L-kynurenine
-
pH 8.0, 37°C, recombinant enzyme
0.96
L-kynurenine
-
discontinuous assay, pH 7.5, 45°C
1.2
L-kynurenine
-
pH 8.0, 37°C, recombinant enzyme, cosubstrate pyruvate
1.4
L-kynurenine
-
pH 6.5, 37°C
1.4
L-kynurenine
-
recombinant brain KAT I
1.5
L-kynurenine
-
pH 7.5, 37°C
1.5
L-kynurenine
-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
1.6
L-kynurenine
-
pH 6.5, 37°C, enzyme from supernatant
1.7
L-kynurenine
-
pH 8.0, 37°C, cosubstrate pyruvate
2.09
L-kynurenine
-
continuous assay, pH 7.5, 45°C
2.2
L-kynurenine
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
2.5
L-kynurenine
-
pH 7.2, 37°C, kidney supernatant
2.5
L-kynurenine
-
pH 6.5, 37°C, mitochondrial enzyme
3
L-kynurenine
-
pH 7.2, 37°C, liver supernatant
3.4
L-kynurenine
-
pH 7.2, 37°C, kidney mitochondria
4.3
L-kynurenine
pH 8.5, 45°C
4.7
L-kynurenine
-
pH 7.5, 45°C
4.7
L-kynurenine
-
in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), at 37°C
5
L-kynurenine
-
pH 7.2, 37°C, liver mitochondria
20
L-kynurenine
-
pH 8.0, 37°C, heart KAT, cosubstrate 5 mM pyruvate
27
L-kynurenine
-
pH 8.0, 37°C, heart KAT, cosubstrate 5 mM 2-oxoglutarate
5
L-leucine

Hansenula schneggii
-
pH 8.0, 37°C, cosubstrate 2-oxoglutarate
5
L-leucine
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
7.6
L-leucine
-
pH 7.5, 45°C
34.5
L-leucine
pH 8.5, 45°C
0.9
L-methionine

-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
1.4
L-methionine
pH 8.5, 45°C
5
L-methionine
Hansenula schneggii
-
pH 8.0, 37°C, cosubstrate 2-oxoglutarate
5
L-methionine
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
6.4
L-methionine
-
pH 7.5, 45°C
1.1
L-phenylalanine

-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
1.7
L-phenylalanine
-
pH 7.5, 45°C
3.5
L-phenylalanine
pH 8.5, 45°C
3
L-serine

-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
32.7
L-serine
pH 8.5, 45°C
1.2
L-tryptophan

-
pH 7.5, 45°C
2.6
L-tryptophan
Hansenula schneggii
-
pH 8.0, 37°C, cosubstrate 2-oxoglutarate
2.6
L-tryptophan
Hansenula schneggii
-
-
7.1
L-tryptophan
-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
12.9
L-tryptophan
pH 8.5, 45°C
0.9
L-tyrosine

pH 8.5, 45°C
2.7
L-tyrosine
-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
3.2
L-tyrosine
-
pH 7.5, 45°C
2.4
Mercaptopyruvate

-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
2.5
Mercaptopyruvate
-
pH 7.5, 45°C
2.8
Mercaptopyruvate
-
in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), at 37°C
3.2
Mercaptopyruvate
-
pH 7.5, 38°C
0.9
oxaloacetate

-
pH 7.5, 38°C
4.2
oxaloacetate
-
pH 7.5, 45°C
4.9
oxaloacetate
-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
16.8
oxaloacetate
-
in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), at 37°C
0.6
phenylpyruvate

-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
0.7
phenylpyruvate
-
pH 7.5, 38°C
0.8
phenylpyruvate
-
pH 7.5, 45°C
1.8
phenylpyruvate
-
in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), at 37°C
0.00085
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate

-
pH 6.5, 37°C
0.0013
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
Hansenula schneggii
-
pH 8.0, 37°C
0.0175
pyruvate

in 200 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, at 37°C
0.053
pyruvate
-
pH 9.5, 37°C, KAT I
0.1
pyruvate
-
E61G mutant KAT I from brain
0.7
pyruvate
-
pH 7.5, 37°C, cosubstrate L-kynurenine
0.717
pyruvate
-
pH 7.0, 37°C, KAT II
1.15
pyruvate
-
pH 8.0, 37°C, heart KAT, at 5 mM L-kynurenine
1.2
pyruvate
-
recombinant brain KAT I
1.63
pyruvate
-
pH 8.0, 37°C, recombinant mitochondrial enzyme
8.3
pyruvate
-
pH 7.5, 38°C
9.7
pyruvate
-
in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), at 37°C
10.6
pyruvate
-
in 100 mM boric acid buffer, pH 9.0, at 45°C
12.1
pyruvate
-
pH 7.5, 45°C
additional information
additional information

-
isoform KAT I, vitreous body, 0.82 pM/g wet tissue/hour, retina, 0.39, isoform KAT II, vitreous body, 1.05 pM/g wet tissue/hour, retina 1.88
-
additional information
additional information
-
isoform KAT I, vitreous body, 0.57 pM/g wet tissue/hour, retina, 3.42, isoform KAT II, vitreous body, 2.56 pM/g wet tissue/hour, retina 10.75
-
additional information
additional information
-
isoform KAT I, vitreous body, 0.25 pM/g wet tissue/hour, retina, 1.65, isoform KAT II, vitreous body, 0.25 pM/g wet tissue/hour, retina 2.37
-
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