Inhibitors | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
(S)-4-ethylsulfonylbenzoylalanine | specific inhibitor of KAT II | Rattus norvegicus | |
3-hydroxykynurenine | 5 mM decreases KAT II activity | Homo sapiens | |
3-indolepropionic acid | specific inhibition of KAT I activity | Homo sapiens | |
aminoadipate | 5 mM decreases KAT II activity | Homo sapiens | |
DL-indole-3-lactic acid | specific inhibition of KAT I activity | Homo sapiens | |
L- glutamate | 5 mM decreases KAT II activity | Homo sapiens | |
L-asparagine | 5 mM decreases KAT II activity | Homo sapiens | |
L-aspartate | specific inhibitor of KAT IV | Homo sapiens | |
L-cysteine | 5 mM decreases KAT II activity; inhibition of human KAT I activity at 2 mM | Homo sapiens | |
L-glutamine | inhibition of KAT I activity at 2 mM | Homo sapiens | |
L-histidine | 5 mM decreases KAT II activity | Homo sapiens | |
L-lysine | 5 mM decreases KAT II activity | Homo sapiens | |
L-methionine | specific inhibitor of KAT III | Mus musculus | |
L-phenylalanine | 5 mM decreases KAT II activity; inhibition of KAT I activity at 2 mM | Homo sapiens | |
L-tryptophan | specific inhibition of KAT I activity at 2 mM | Homo sapiens | |
L-tryptophan | KAT I is greatly and specifically inhibited by 5 mM L-tryptophan | Mus musculus | |
methionine | KAT III is greatly inhibited by 5 mM methionine | Mus musculus | |
additional information | KAT I is not inhibited by 2 mM methionine | Homo sapiens | |
additional information | KAT III is not inhibited by 5 mM tryptophan; KAT I is not inhibited by 5 mM L-methionine | Mus musculus | |
Tris amine | the commonly used buffer for KAT I assays greatly inhibits KAT I around neutral pH conditions, but shows no inhibition at basic pH condition | Homo sapiens | |
tryptophan | KAT I is greatly inhibited by 2 mM tryptophan | Homo sapiens |
Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|---|
mitochondrion | KAT IV | Mus musculus | 5739 | - |
mitochondrion | KAT IV | Homo sapiens | 5739 | - |
mitochondrion | KAT IV | Rattus norvegicus | 5739 | - |
Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
Homo sapiens | - |
- |
- |
Mus musculus | - |
- |
- |
Rattus norvegicus | - |
- |
- |
Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
brain | - |
Mus musculus | - |
brain | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
brain | - |
Rattus norvegicus | - |
heart | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
liver | - |
Mus musculus | - |
liver | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
liver | - |
Rattus norvegicus | - |
placenta | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate | - |
Mus musculus | kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O | - |
? | |
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate | - |
Homo sapiens | kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O | - |
? | |
L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate | - |
Rattus norvegicus | kynurenic acid + L-glutamate + H2O | - |
? | |
additional information | KAT I is most active with large neutral/aromatic/sulfur-containing amino acids, including L-glutamine, L-phenylalanine, L-leucine, L-kynurenine, L-tryptophan, L-methionine, L-tyrosine, L-histidine, L-cysteine, aminobutyrate, S-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine, and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine. The enzyme has detectable activity with Se-methylselenocysteine, 5-S-cysteinyldopamine, 5-S-cysteinyl-DOPA, L-asparagine, glycine, L-alanine, L-arginine, L-serine, and L-lysine. KAT I can use many 2-oxo acids as its amino group acceptors: 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxocaproic acid, phenylpyruvate, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate, mercaptopyruvate, indo-3-pyruvate, 2-oxovalerate, 2-oxoleucine, 2-oxobutyrate, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, 2-oxoadipate, glyoxylate, oxaloacetate, 2-oxovaline, 2-oxoisoleucine, and pyruvate. All of them demonstrate the capacity to act as amino group acceptors, but 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxoiosleucine, indol-3-ylpyruvate, 2-oxoadipate, and 2-oxovaline have very low activity. Although the activity of KAT I using oxaloacetate, phenylpyruvate, or pyruvate as an amino group acceptor is detectable, the specific activity with these three 2-oxo acids is so low that they are unlikely to be physiological co-substrates for human KAT I | Mus musculus | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | KAT I is most active with large neutral/aromatic/sulfur-containing amino acids, including L-glutamine, L-phenylalanine, L-leucine, L-kynurenine, L-tryptophan, L-methionine, L-tyrosine, L-histidine, L-cysteine, aminobutyrate, S-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine, and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine. The enzyme has detectable activity with Se-methylselenocysteine, 5-S-cysteinyldopamine, 5-S-cysteinyl-DOPA, L-asparagine, glycine, L-alanine, L-arginine, L-serine, and L-lysine. KAT I can use many 2-oxo acids as its amino group acceptors: 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxocaproic acid, phenylpyruvate, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate, mercaptopyruvate, indol-3-ylpyruvate, 2-oxovalerate, 2-oxoleucine, 2-oxobutyrate, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, 2-oxoadipate, glyoxylate, oxaloacetate, 2-oxovaline, 2-oxoisoleucine, and pyruvate. All of them demonstrate the capacity to act as amino group acceptors, but 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxoiosleucine, indo-3-pyruvate, 2-oxoadipate, and 2-oxovaline have very low activity. Although the activity of KAT I using oxaloacetate, phenylpyruvate, or pyruvate as an amino group acceptor is detectable, the specific activity with these three 2-oxo acids is so low that they are unlikely to be physiological co-substrates for human KAT I | Homo sapiens | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | KAT I is most active with large neutral/aromatic/sulfur-containing amino acids, including L-glutamine, L-phenylalanine, L-leucine, L-kynurenine, L-tryptophan, L-methionine, L-tyrosine, L-histidine, L-cysteine, aminobutyrate, S-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine, and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine. The enzyme has detectable activity with Se-methylselenocysteine, 5-S-cysteinyldopamine, 5-S-cysteinyl-DOPA, L-asparagine, glycine, L-alanine, L-arginine, L-serine, and L-lysine. KAT I can use many 2-oxo acids as its amino group acceptors: 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxocaproic acid, phenylpyruvate, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate, mercaptopyruvate, indol-3-ylpyruvate, 2-oxovalerate, 2-oxoleucine, 2-oxobutyrate, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, 2-oxoadipate, glyoxylate, oxaloacetate, 2-oxovaline, 2-oxoisoleucine, and pyruvate. All of them demonstrate the capacity to act as amino group acceptors, but 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxoisoleucine, indol-3-ylpyruvate, 2-oxoadipate, and 2-oxovaline have very low activity. Although the activity of KAT I using oxaloacetate, phenylpyruvate, or pyruvate as an amino group acceptor is detectable, the specific activity with these three 2-oxo acids is so low that they are unlikely to be physiological co-substrates for human KAT I | Rattus norvegicus | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | KAT II is efficient in catalyzing the transamination of aminoadipate, L-kynurenine, L-methionine, and L-glutamate, and is less efficient in catalyzing L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan, L-leucine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, L-glutamine, L-alanine, and aminobutyrate. KAT II is efficient in catalyzing the transamination of 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxocaproic acid, phenylpyruvate, and 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate, and less efficient in catalyzing mercaptopyruvate, indol-3-ylpyruvate, 2-oxovalerate, 2-oxoleucine, 2-oxobutyrate, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, 2-oxoadipate, glyoxylate, oxaloacetate, 2-oxovaline, 2-oxoisoleucine, and pyruvate (in order of decreasing catalytic efficiency) | Homo sapiens | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | KAT II is efficient in catalyzing the transamination of aminoadipate, L-kynurenine, L-methionine, and L-glutamate, and is less efficient in catalyzing L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan, L-leucine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, L-glutamine, L-alanine, and aminobutyrate. KAT II is efficient in catalyzing the transamination of 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxocaproic acid, phenylpyruvate, and 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate, and less efficient in catalyzing mercaptopyruvate, indol-3-ylpyruvate, 2-oxovalerate, 2-oxoleucine, 2-oxobutyrate, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, 2-oxoadipate, glyoxylate, oxaloacetate, 2-oxovaline, 2-oxoisoleucine, and pyruvate (in order of decreasing catalytic efficiency) | Rattus norvegicus | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | KAT II is efficient in catalyzing the transamination of aminoadipate, L-kynurenine, L-methionine, and L-glutamate, and is less efficient in catalyzing L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan, L-leucine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, L-glutamine, L-alanine, and aminobutyrate. KAT II is efficient in catalyzing the transamination of 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxocaproic acid, phenylpyruvate, and alpha-oxo-gamma-methiol-butyric acid, and less efficient in catalyzing mercaptopyruvate, indol-3-ylpyruvate, 2-oxovalerate, 2-oxoleucine, 2-oxobutyrate, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, 2-oxoadipate, glyoxylate, oxaloacetate, 2-oxovaline, 2-oxoisoleucine, and pyruvate (in order of decreasing catalytic efficiency) | Mus musculus | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | KAT III shows activity towards L-phenylalanine, L-kynurenine, L-tryptophan, 3-hydroxykynurenine, L-tyrosine, and L-histidine, L-methionine and L-cysteine, L-glutamine, L-asparagine, L-serine, L-alanine, aminobutyrate, and L-lysine. Glyoxylate, 2-oxocaproic acid, phenylpyruvate, 2-oxobutyrate, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate, 2-oxovalerate, indol-3-ylpyruvate, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, mercaptopyruvate, and oxaloacetate are good amino group acceptors for KAT III and pyruvate, phenylpyruvate, while 2-oxoglutarate are poor co-substrates for the enzyme | Homo sapiens | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | KAT III shows activity towards L-phenylalanine, L-kynurenine, L-tryptophan, 3-hydroxykynurenine, L-tyrosine, and L-histidine, L-methionine and L-cysteine, L-glutamine, L-asparagine, L-serine, L-alanine, aminobutyrate, and L-lysine. Glyoxylate, 2-oxocaproic acid, phenylpyruvate, 2-oxobutyrate, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate, 2-oxovalerate, indol-3-ylpyruvate, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, mercaptopyruvate, and oxaloacetate are good amino group acceptors for KAT III and pyruvate, phenylpyruvate, while 2-oxoglutarate are poor co-substrates for the enzyme | Rattus norvegicus | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | KAT III shows activity towards L-phenylalanine, L-kynurenine, L-tryptophan, 3-hydroxykynurenine, L-tyrosine, and L-histidine, L-methionine and L-cysteine, L-glutamine, L-asparagine, L-serine, L-alanine, aminobutyrate, and L-lysine. Glyoxylate, 2-oxocaproic acid, phenylpyruvate, 2-oxobutyrate, alpha-oxo-gamma-methiol-butyric acid, 2-oxovalerate, indo-3-pyruvate, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, mercaptopyruvate, and oxaloacetate are good amino group acceptors for KAT III and pyruvate, phenylpyruvate, while 2-oxoglutarate are poor co-substrates for the enzyme | Mus musculus | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | KAT IV shows high transamination activity towards L-glutamate, L-aspartate, L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-cysteine, and detectable activity towards L-tryptophan, 3-hydroxykynurenine, L-methionine, L-kynurenine, and L-asparagine. It can use 2-oxoglutarate, phenylpyruvate, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate, indol-3-ylpyruvate, hydroxyphenylpyruvate, mercaptopyruvate, 2-oxocaproic acid, oxaloacetate, 2-oxobutyrate, pyruvate, and glyoxylate as amino group acceptors. It also shows detectable activity towards other co-substrates, including 2-oxovalerate, 2-oxoleucine, 2-oxoadipate, 2-oxovaline, and 2-oxoisoleucine | Mus musculus | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | KAT IV shows high transamination activity towards L-glutamate, L-aspartate, L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-cysteine, and detectable activity towards L-tryptophan, 3-hydroxykynurenine, L-methionine, L-kynurenine, and L-asparagine. It can use 2-oxoglutarate, phenylpyruvate, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate, indol-3-ylpyruvate, hydroxyphenylpyruvate, mercaptopyruvate, 2-oxocaproic acid, oxaloacetate, 2-oxobutyrate, pyruvate, and glyoxylate as amino group acceptors. It also shows detectable activity towards other co-substrates, including 2-oxovalerate, 2-oxoleucine, 2-oxoadipate, 2-oxovaline, and 2-oxoisoleucine | Homo sapiens | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | KAT IV shows high transamination activity towards L-glutamate, L-aspartate, L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-cysteine, and detectable activity towards L-tryptophan, 3-hydroxykynurenine, L-methionine, L-kynurenine, and L-asparagine. It can use 2-oxoglutarate, phenylpyruvate, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate, indol-3-ylpyruvate, hydroxyphenylpyruvate, mercaptopyruvate, 2-oxocaproic acid, oxaloacetate, 2-oxobutyrate, pyruvate, and glyoxylate as amino group acceptors. It also shows detectable activity towards other co-substrates, including 2-oxovalerate, 2-oxoleucine, 2-oxoadipate, 2-oxovaline, and 2-oxoisoleucine | Rattus norvegicus | ? | - |
? |
Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
KAT I | also called GTK or CCBL1 | Mus musculus |
KAT I | also called GTK or CCBL1 | Homo sapiens |
KAT I | also called GTK or CCBL1 | Rattus norvegicus |
KAT II | also called AADAT | Mus musculus |
KAT II | also called AADAT | Homo sapiens |
KAT II | also called AADAT | Rattus norvegicus |
KAT III | also called CCBL2 | Mus musculus |
KAT III | also called CCBL2 | Homo sapiens |
KAT III | also called CCBL2 | Rattus norvegicus |
KAT IV | also called mitochondrial ASAT or GOT2 | Mus musculus |
KAT IV | also called mitochondrial ASAT or GOT2 | Homo sapiens |
KAT IV | also called mitochondrial ASAT or GOT2 | Rattus norvegicus |
pH Optimum Minimum | pH Optimum Maximum | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|---|
7 | - |
KAT II | Homo sapiens |
7 | 9 | KAT IV | Mus musculus |
7.4 | 10 | KAT I | Homo sapiens |
7.5 | - |
liver KAT I | Rattus norvegicus |
8 | - |
KAT IV | Mus musculus |
8 | 9 | heart KAT I | Homo sapiens |
9 | 10 | KAT III | Mus musculus |
9.5 | 10 | optimal pH range of human brain and placenta KAT I | Homo sapiens |
Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate | - |
Mus musculus | |
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate | - |
Homo sapiens | |
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate | - |
Rattus norvegicus |