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Information on EC 2.7.1.6 - galactokinase
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2.7.1.6 galactokinaseIUBMB Comments
Part of the Leloir pathway for galactose metabolism. The enzymes from mammals and from the bacterium Escherichia coli have no activity with N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine [4-6].
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Word Map
- 2.7.1.6
- galactose-1-phosphate
- galactosemia
- cataract
-
leloir
- uridyltransferase
- lambda
-
gale
-
uridyl
- thymidine
- bacteriophage
- udp-galactose
- 1-phosphate
-
epimerase
- lactis
- galactitol
-
inborn
- udp-glucose
- kluyveromyces
-
pyrophosphorylase
-
gal-1-p
-
presenile
-
rho-dependent
-
coliphage
-
antitermination
- phosphomevalonate
-
galactose-induced
-
4'-epimerase
- glucose-1-phosphate
-
counterselection
- udp-galactose-4-epimerase
- medicine
- synthesis
- nutrition
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria, Archaea
Synonyms
galactokinase, galk, galk1, gal1p, galactose kinase, atgalk, galactokinase 1, bigalk, galkspe4, galkamu, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
ATP:D-galactose-1-phosphotransferase
-
-
-
-
GAL1
Gal1p
galactokinase
galactose kinase
GALK
GALK1
GalKAmu
kinase (phosphorylating), galacto-
-
-
-
-
kinase, galacto- (phosphorylating)
-
-
-
-
SCO3136
Gal1p
-
-
-
-
galactose kinase
-
-
-
-
GALK
-
-
-
-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
ATP + alpha-D-galactose = ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
the most likely kinetic mechanism is an ordered ternary complex in which ATP is the first substrate to bind
-
ATP + alpha-D-galactose = ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
mechanism of D-galactose and nucleotide binding
-
ATP + alpha-D-galactose = ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
mechanism of the reaction is sequential in both directions. Residue Asp183 acts as a catalytic base that deprotonates the C1 hydroxyl group of galactose. The pH-kcat profile of the synthesis of galactose 1-phosphate has a pKa of 6.9 likely due to Asp183. The pH-kcat/KGal profile of the reverse reaction lacks a key pKa required for a direct proton transfer mechanism. Arg36 may lower the pKa of the C1 hydroxyl to facilitate deprotonation
-
ATP + alpha-D-galactose = ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
phospho group transfer
-
-
-
-
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
BRENDA
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
ATP:D-galactose 1-phosphotransferase
Part of the Leloir pathway for galactose metabolism. The enzymes from mammals and from the bacterium Escherichia coli have no activity with N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine [4-6].
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9030-53-9
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
2'-dATP + D-galactose
2'-dADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose + ATP
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose 1-phosphate + ADP
-
-
-
-
?
3'-dATP + D-galactose
3'-dADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose
ADP + 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + 3-deoxy-3-methyl-D-galactose
ADP + 3-deoxy-3-methyl-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + 4-deoxy-4-fluorogalactose
ADP + 4-deoxy-4-fluorogalactose 1-phosphate
21% conversion
-
-
?
ATP + 4-deoxy-D-galactose
ADP + 4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
substrate only for mutants Y223F, Y223W
-
-
?
ATP + 6-deoxy-6-fluorogalactose
ADP + 6-deoxy-6-fluorogalactose 1-phosphate
28% conversion
-
-
?
ATP + D-galacturonic acid
ADP + alpha-D-galacturonic acid 1-phosphate
-
substrate: galacturonic acid, specific activity: 0.09 micromol/min/mg
-
-
?
ATP + L-arabinose
ADP + L-arabinose 1-phosphate
10% conversion after 2 h under optimised conditions
-
-
?
ATP + L-glucose
ADP + alpha-L-glucose 1-phosphate
-
substrate only for mutants Y223F, Y223W
-
-
?
CTP + D-galactose
CDP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
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substrate: CTP, specific activity: 0.551 micromol/min/mg
-
-
?
dATP + D-galactose
dADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
substrate: dATP, specific activity: 138 micromol/min/mg
-
-
?
dCTP + D-galactose
dCDP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
substrate: dCTP, specific activity: 0.931 micromol/min/mg
-
-
?
dGTP + D-galactose
dGDP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
substrate: dGTP, specific activity: 31.9 micromol/min/mg
-
-
?
dTTP + D-galactose
?
-
substrate: dTTP, specific activity: 2.5 micromol/min/mg
-
-
?
dUTP + D-galactose
dUDP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
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substrate: dUTP, specific activity: 1.5 micromol/min/mg
-
-
?
GTP + D-galactose
GDP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
substrate: GTP, specific activity: 28.5 micromol/min/mg
-
-
?
ITP + D-galactose
IDP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
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substrate: ITP, specific activity: 15.7 micromol/min/mg
-
-
?
UTP + D-galactose
UDP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
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substrate: UTP, specific activity: 0.52 micromol/min/mg
-
-
?
ATP + 2-deoxy-D-galactose
ADP + 2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
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substrate: 2-deoxygalactose, specific activity: 99.7 micromol/min/mg
-
-
?
ATP + 2-deoxy-D-galactose
ADP + 2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + 2-deoxy-D-galactose
ADP + 2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + 2-deoxy-D-galactose
ADP + 2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + 2-deoxy-D-galactose
ADP + 2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + 2-deoxy-D-galactose
ADP + 2-deoxy-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + 3-deoxy-3-fluorogalactose
ADP + 3-deoxy-3-fluorogalactose 1-phosphate
27% conversion
-
-
?
ATP + 3-deoxy-3-fluorogalactose
ADP + 3-deoxy-3-fluorogalactose 1-phosphate
27% conversion
-
-
?
ATP + 3-deoxy-D-galactose
ADP + 3-deoxy-D-galactose 1-phosphate
19% conversion
-
-
?
ATP + 3-deoxy-D-galactose
ADP + 3-deoxy-D-galactose 1-phosphate
85% conversion after 2 h under optimised conditions
-
-
?
ATP + 3-deoxy-D-galactose
ADP + 3-deoxy-D-galactose 1-phosphate
85% conversion after 2 h under optimised conditions
-
-
?
ATP + 6-deoxy-D-galactose
ADP + 6-deoxy-alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
substrate: 6-deoxygalactose, specific activity: 0.0781 micromol/min/mg
-
-
?
ATP + 6-deoxy-D-galactose
ADP + 6-deoxy-alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + 6-deoxy-D-galactose
ADP + 6-deoxy-D-galactose 1-phosphate
57% conversion
-
-
?
ATP + 6-deoxy-D-galactose
ADP + 6-deoxy-D-galactose 1-phosphate
57% conversion
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
the enzyme catalyses the first committed step in the Leloir pathway
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
negative charge at residue 174 is essential for catalysis
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
72% conversion
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
72% conversion
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
involved in Leloir pathway
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
91% conversion after 2 h under optimised conditions
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
involved in Leloir pathway
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
91% conversion after 2 h under optimised conditions
-
-
?
ATP + D-galactosamine
ADP + alpha-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate
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substrate: D-galactosamine, specific activity: 12.5 micromol/min/mg
-
-
?
ATP + D-galactosamine
ADP + alpha-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate
68% conversion
-
-
?
ATP + D-galactosamine
ADP + alpha-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate
68% conversion
-
-
?
ATP + D-galactosamine
ADP + D-galactosamine 1-phosphate
100% of the activity with alpha-D-galactose
-
-
?
ATP + D-galactosamine
ADP + D-galactosamine 1-phosphate
100% of the activity with alpha-D-galactose
-
-
?
ATP + D-galactosamine
ADP + D-galactosamine 1-phosphate
87% conversion after 2 h under optimised conditions
-
-
?
ATP + D-galactosamine
ADP + D-galactosamine 1-phosphate
87% conversion after 2 h under optimised conditions
-
-
?
ATP + D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
very strict substrate specificity for galactose and ATP
-
-
?
ATP + D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
substrate: ATP, specific activity: 137 micromol/min/mg
-
-
?
ATP + D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
substrate: D-galactose, specific activity: 158 micromol/min/mg
-
-
?
ATP + D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
unidirectional towards galactose phosphorylation
-
-
ir
ATP + D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + D-galacturonic acid
ADP + D-galacturonic acid 1-phosphate
20.2% of the activity with alpha-D-galactose
-
-
?
ATP + D-galacturonic acid
ADP + D-galacturonic acid 1-phosphate
20.2% of the activity with alpha-D-galactose
-
-
?
ATP + D-glucose
ADP + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
52.5% of the activity with alpha-D-galactose
-
-
?
ATP + D-glucose
ADP + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
52.5% of the activity with alpha-D-galactose
-
-
?
ATP + D-talose
ADP + alpha-D-talose 1-phosphate
-
substrate only for mutants Y223F, Y223W
-
-
?
ATP + D-talose
ADP + alpha-D-talose 1-phosphate
41% conversion
-
-
?
ATP + D-talose
ADP + alpha-D-talose 1-phosphate
41% conversion
-
-
?
ATP + galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
the enzyme catalyzes the first step in the conversion of galactose to glucose. Galactokinase deficiency is characterized by galactosemia, galactosuria and cataract formation in early childhood
-
-
?
ATP + galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
galactokinase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder, which causes cataract formation in children not maintained on a lactose-free diet
-
-
?
ATP + galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
galaktokinase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hypergalactosemia and cataract formation
-
-
?
ATP + galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
lack of fully functional galactokinase is one cause of the inherited disease galactosemia, the main clinical manifestation of which is the early onset of cataracts
-
-
?
ATP + galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
first step in the Leloir pathway for galactose metabolism
-
-
?
ATP + N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
ADP + N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate
15.5% of the activity with alpha-D-galactose
-
-
?
ATP + N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
ADP + N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate
15.5% of the activity with alpha-D-galactose
-
-
?
ATP + N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
ADP + N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
ADP + N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate
40% conversion after 2 h under optimised conditions
-
-
?
ATP + N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
ADP + N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate
40% conversion after 2 h under optimised conditions
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no tolerance for C-4 changes in the substrate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no substrate: N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, L-arabinose, D-fucose, D-glucose
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
amino acid side chains responsible for anchoring the sugar ligand to the protein include Arg36, Glu42, Asp45, ASp183, and Tyr233
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
mechanism of the reaction is sequential in both directions. Residue Asp183 acts as a catalytic base that deprotonates the C1 hydroxyl group of galactose. The pH-kcat profile of the synthesis of galactose 1-phosphate has a pKa of 6.9 likely due to Asp183. The pH-kcat/KGal profile of the reverse reaction lacks a key pKa required for a direct proton transfer mechanism. Arg36 may lower the pKa of the C1 hydroxyl to facilitate deprotonation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
galactokinase Gal1p is a regulator of transcription. Gal1p activates Gal4p, the activator of GAL genes. Gal1p activates Gal4p by direct interaction with the Gal4p inhibitor Gal80p. Interaction requires galactose, adenosine triphosphate and the regulatory function of Gal1p. The gal1p-gal80p complex formation results in the inactivation of Gal80p, thereby transmitting the galactose signal to Gal4p
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
L-arabinose, D-fucose, L-glucose, and D-talose are no substrates
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
L-arabinose, D-fucose, L-glucose, and D-talose are no substrates
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
key enzyme for cellulase induction during growth on lactose
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
induction of the gal pathway and cellulase genes involves no transcriptional inducer function of the galactokinase in Hypocrea jecorina
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
induction of the gal pathway and cellulase genes involves no transcriptional inducer function of the galactokinase in Hypocrea jecorina
-
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ATP + alpha-D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
the enzyme catalyses the first committed step in the Leloir pathway
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
involved in Leloir pathway
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-D-galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
involved in Leloir pathway
-
-
?
ATP + galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
the enzyme catalyzes the first step in the conversion of galactose to glucose. Galactokinase deficiency is characterized by galactosemia, galactosuria and cataract formation in early childhood
-
-
?
ATP + galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
galactokinase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder, which causes cataract formation in children not maintained on a lactose-free diet
-
-
?
ATP + galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
galaktokinase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hypergalactosemia and cataract formation
-
-
?
ATP + galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
lack of fully functional galactokinase is one cause of the inherited disease galactosemia, the main clinical manifestation of which is the early onset of cataracts
-
-
?
ATP + galactose
ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate
-
first step in the Leloir pathway for galactose metabolism
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
galactokinase Gal1p is a regulator of transcription. Gal1p activates Gal4p, the activator of GAL genes. Gal1p activates Gal4p by direct interaction with the Gal4p inhibitor Gal80p. Interaction requires galactose, adenosine triphosphate and the regulatory function of Gal1p. The gal1p-gal80p complex formation results in the inactivation of Gal80p, thereby transmitting the galactose signal to Gal4p
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
key enzyme for cellulase induction during growth on lactose
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
induction of the gal pathway and cellulase genes involves no transcriptional inducer function of the galactokinase in Hypocrea jecorina
-
-
?