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6.3.1.2: glutamine synthetase

This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about glutamine synthetase, go to the full flat file.

Word Map on EC 6.3.1.2

Reaction

ATP
+
L-glutamate
 +
NH3
=
ADP
 +
phosphate
 +
L-glutamine

Synonyms

AmGLN1, ATP glutamate-ammonia ligase, Chloroplast GS2, Clone lambda-GS28, Clone lambda-GS31, Clone lambda-GS8, Cytoplasmic GS3, Cytosolic GS1, gamma-glutamyl transferase, gamma-glutamyl:ammonia ligase, gamma-glutamylhydroxamate synthetase, Gln isozyme alpha, Gln isozyme beta, Gln isozyme gamma, Gln synthetase, GLN1,1, GLN1,2, GLN1,3, GLN1,4, GLN1-1, GLN1-2, Gln1;1, Gln1;2, Gln1;3, Gln1;4, Gln1;5, GLN2, GlnA, glnA-1, GlnA1, GlnA2, GlnA3, GlnA4, GlnN, GlnR, GluA, GLUL, Glutamate--ammonia ligase, glutamate-ammonia ligase, Glutamine synthetase, glutamine synthetase cytosolic isozyme 1, glutamine synthetase cytosolic isozyme 2, glutamine synthetase I, glutamine synthetase type II, glutamine synthetase type III, Glutamylhydroxamic synthetase, GS, GS type I, GS type-1, GS(1), GS-II, GS1, GS1 kinase, GS1-1, GS1-2, GS107, GS112, GS117, GS12, GS122, GS1a, GS1beta1, GS1gamma1, GS2, GS2a, GS3, GSI, GSII, GSIII, Isozyme delta, L-glutamate:ammonia ligase, L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming), L-Glutamine synthetase, LDBPK_060370, LdGS, MM_0964, MtGS, N47/N48, OsGLN1,1, OsGLN1,2, protein transacetylase, S2205/S2287, SSO0366, Synthetase, glutamine, TAase, type I glutamine synthetase, type III glutamine synthetase

ECTree

     6 Ligases
         6.3 Forming carbon-nitrogen bonds
             6.3.1 Acid—ammonia (or amine) ligases (amide synthases)
                6.3.1.2 glutamine synthetase

Expression

Expression on EC 6.3.1.2 - glutamine synthetase

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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
ammonium and nitrate feeding significantly regulate GS2 transcripts in leaf. Starving or moderate nitrogen levels dramatically increase GS2 transcripts for 1 day, decreasing to a constant low level after 2-3 days, while sufficient nitrogen level of 7.5 mM has a minor effect throughout 3 days compared to controls. Glutamate feeding, significantly regulates GS2 transcripts in leaf by decreasing initially then increasing to higher levels than controls, and also in root, where it is up-regulated continuously
beta-catenin regulates the expression of glutamine synthetase
expression levels are maximal in the amastigote stage of the life cycle, when amino acids are preferably consumed, and NH4+ production is predictable
expression of GS1 increases in response to nitrogen starvation. Re-addition of nitrogen as either nitrate or ammonium results in down-regulation of GS1a expression levels within 24 h, coinciding with increased tissue ammonium concentrations
gene GS1 transcript and polypeptide accumulate in leaf during drought, but GS1 activity is maintained at a constant level
Gln-1;4 isogene expression is very low under all conditions, the isogene expression is induced at high ammonium condition in roots
Gln-1;5 isogene expression is very low under all conditions
Gln2 isozyme expression is induced at high ammonium condition. The expression of GS2 isozyme is reduced in a double mutant gln1;1:gln1;2, especially under high ammonium condition
high ammonium treatment enhances the expression of the GS1 isogene Gln-1;2 encoding a low-affinity high-capacity GS1 protein in Arabidopsis thaliana shoots
hyperammonemic stress during a 72 h during the simulated transport induces the expression of mRNA of splice variants glulb-002 and glulb-003 in brain, liver, and kidney
isozyme GSIII-2 is significantly induced by high concentrations of ammonia with increases in measured glutamine synthetase activity
significant up-regulation of glnA1 gene transcription is observed within 0.5 hrs exposure to nitrogen starvation and continues to increase significantly thereafter
-
specific inhibition of the nitrogen-fixing activity of the cyanobiont affects the localization of glutamine synthetase isoenzymes. Ammonium fixed and released by the cyanobiont could stimulate glutamine synthetase synthesis in hair cells
Azolla sp.
-
the activity of the enzyme is down-regulated under conditions of excess nitrogen through covalent addition of an AMP moiety to Tyr406 (MtGS numbering) by the regulatory enzyme, GlnE
the expression of Gln-1;3 does not respond to ammonium treatment and is only poorly affected by mutation of isogene gln1;2 and double mutation gln1;1-gln1;2
the expression of the high-affinity low-capacity isoform Gln-1;1 is reduced under high ammonium treatment conditions
total enzyme activity in stem of both the varieties is insensitive to drought
transcription of SjGS is upregulated in praziquantel-treated worms at 2-, 4-, and 24-h posttreatment
under drought stress, total GS activity in root and leaf decreases significantly in IR-64 seedlings in comparison to Khitish seedlings. The reduced GS activity in IR-64 leaf is mainly due to decrease in isozyme GS2 activity
under drought stress, total GS activity in root and leaf decreases significantly in IR-64 seedlings in comparison to Khitish seedlings. The reduced GS activity in IR-64 leaf is mainly due to decrease in isozyme GS2 activity, which correlates with decrease in corresponding transcript and polypeptide contents