4.3.1.24: phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 4.3.1.24
-
4.3.1.24
-
phenol
-
phenylpropanoids
-
polyphenols
-
flavonoid
-
seedling
-
chalcone
-
elicitors
-
lignin
-
cinnamic
-
cultivar
-
4.3.1.5
-
anthocyanins
-
jasmonate
-
chitinase
-
postharvest
-
4-hydroxylase
-
trans-cinnamic
-
defense-related
-
p-coumaric
-
phytoalexins
-
pathogenesis-related
-
lignification
-
chlorogenic
-
phytophthora
-
petroselinum
-
parsley
-
4-coumarate
-
phenylketonuria
-
crispum
-
fresh-cut
-
elicitor-induced
-
wall-bound
-
dihydroflavonol
-
elicitor-treated
-
4-coumarate:coa
-
polyphenoloxidase
-
glutinis
-
4-reductase
-
rhodotorula
-
rhodosporidium
-
synthesis
-
3-o-glucosyltransferase
-
d-phenylalanine
-
pharmacology
-
dehydroalanine
-
medicine
-
hydroxycinnamoyl
-
monolignols
-
analysis
-
food industry
-
drug development
-
agriculture
-
syringyl
-
biotechnology
-
lindemuthianum
-
glycinea
-
matricaria
-
cinnamoyl-coa
-
nutrition
- 4.3.1.24
- phenol
-
phenylpropanoids
- polyphenols
- flavonoid
- seedling
- chalcone
- elicitors
- lignin
-
cinnamic
- cultivar
-
4.3.1.5
- anthocyanins
- jasmonate
- chitinase
-
postharvest
-
4-hydroxylase
-
trans-cinnamic
-
defense-related
-
p-coumaric
-
phytoalexins
-
pathogenesis-related
-
lignification
-
chlorogenic
- phytophthora
- petroselinum
- parsley
- 4-coumarate
- phenylketonuria
- crispum
-
fresh-cut
-
elicitor-induced
-
wall-bound
- dihydroflavonol
-
elicitor-treated
-
4-coumarate:coa
- polyphenoloxidase
- glutinis
-
4-reductase
- rhodotorula
- rhodosporidium
- synthesis
- 3-o-glucosyltransferase
- d-phenylalanine
- pharmacology
- dehydroalanine
- medicine
-
hydroxycinnamoyl
- monolignols
- analysis
- food industry
- drug development
- agriculture
-
syringyl
- biotechnology
- lindemuthianum
- glycinea
-
matricaria
- cinnamoyl-coa
- nutrition
Reaction
Synonyms
AtPAL 1, AtPAL 2, AtPAL 3, AtPAL 4, AtPAL-1, AtPAL-2, AtPAL-3, AtPAL-4, AtPAL2, AvPAL, DcPAL1, EC 4.3.1.5, EncP, L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, L-phenylalanine-ammonia lyase, LrPAL3, LsPAL1, More, PAL, PAL-CLEA, PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL3a, PAL3b, PAL4, PAL5, PAL6, PALrs1, PcPAL1, Phe ammonia-lyase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 1, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 2, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 3, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 4, RgPAL, RxPAL, Sb04g026520, SsPAL1, TcPAL, ZmPAL2
ECTree
4.3.1.24 phenylalanine ammonia-lyaseAdvanced search results
results (
results (General Information
General Information on EC 4.3.1.24 - phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
Please wait a moment until all data is loaded. This message will disappear when all data is loaded.
top
GENERAL INFORMATION 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
malfunction
the pal1 pal2 double knockout mutant is almost devoid of flavonoids
metabolism
physiological function
metabolism
L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase is the first enzyme of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis
metabolism
key enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway for the synthesis of flavones
metabolism
-
the enzyme is involved in the capsaicinoid biosynthesis pathway. For both control and drought-stressed plants, the activities differed significantly among cultivars. Enzyme activity is significantly increased for all of the cultivars under drought stress. Changes under drought stress show a complete association with capsaicinoids, in all cultivars
metabolism
AtPAL isogenes differentially respond to environmental stresses and AtPAL1 and AtPAL2 have functional specialization in environmentally triggered phenolic synthesis
metabolism
isogenes AtPAL1, 2, and 4 show close association with lignin biosynthesis
metabolism
-
key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism
metabolism
-
key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism
metabolism
-
key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism
metabolism
-
key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism
metabolism
Streptomyces verticillatus
-
key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism
metabolism
-
key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism
metabolism
-
key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism
metabolism
-
key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism
metabolism
-
key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism
metabolism
key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism
metabolism
key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism
metabolism
key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism
metabolism
key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism
metabolism
key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism
metabolism
key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism
metabolism
-
key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism
metabolism
-
key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism
metabolism
the enzyme has crucial role in secondary phenylpropanoid metabolism of plants
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The gateway enzyme plays a key role in mediating carbon flux from primary metabolism into the phenylpropanoid pathway
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of galanthamine, a Amaryllidaceae alkaloid, that is a clinically used drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
metabolism
Coleus scutellarioides
the enzyme is involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway and plays important roles in the secondary metabolisms, development and defense of plants
metabolism
rain shelter treatment may affect phenylalanine lignin monomer synthesis and subsequent cork accumulation by altering the expression or enzyme activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), peroxidase (POD), and omega-hydroxypalmitate O-feruloyl transferase (HHT1), thus decreasing exocarp russet accumulation in semi-russet pear
physiological function
-
activities of polyphenol oxidase and PAL are highest after cultivation at low day/night temperatures of 20/13°C, as is anthocyanin content
physiological function
-
during culture of Morinda citrifolia adventitious roots in different strength, i.e. 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 of Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 5 mg/l indole butyric acid and 30 g/l sucrose, phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity shows a positive correlation in relation to salt strength that leads to an increase in phenol biosynthesis in expense of anthraquinone formation. With the increasing salt strength, root growth and anthraquinone accumulation decrease significantly
physiological function
-
PAL activity is significantly higher in the tissues infected by Glomerella cingulata than in corresponding control and reaches its peak 24 hours after inoculation in the resistant varieties. Defense enzymes PAL, tyrosine ammonia-lyase and polyphenol oxidase prevent the infection by Glomerella cingulata in the resistant tea varieties, in a sequential manner. PAL is induced first, followed by tyrosine ammonia-lyase and than polyphenol oxidase, during biotic stress induced by Glomerella cingulata in tea plants
physiological function
-
suppression of PAL by RNAi leads to plants exhibiting phenotypes such as stunted growth, delayed root formation, altered leaves, and reduced lignin deposition. The total phenolic content is decreased by 20-70% in PAL-suppressed lines, and is accompanied by lower PAL activity. Down-regulation of PAL also affects the expression of cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase2, and tyrosine aminotransferase, related genes in the rosmarinic acid pathway. Rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B are markedly reduced in PAL-suppressed lines
physiological function
Arabidopsis KFB proteins physically interact with and mediate the proteolytic turnover of four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4)
physiological function
-
increases in PAL and CW-PRX activities are cooperatively involved in the formation of ferulate network in cell walls of rice shoots
physiological function
-
PAL activity is significantly higher in the tissues infected by Glomerella cingulata than in corresponding control and reaches its peak 24 hours after inoculation in the resistant varieties. Defense enzymes PAL, tyrosine ammonia-lyase and polyphenol oxidase prevent the infection by Glomerella cingulata in the resistant tea varieties, in a sequential manner. PAL is induced first, followed by tyrosine ammonia-lyase and than polyphenol oxidase, during biotic stress induced by Glomerella cingulata in tea plants
-
