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4.3.1.24: phenylalanine ammonia-lyase

This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, go to the full flat file.

Word Map on EC 4.3.1.24

Reaction

L-phenylalanine
=
trans-cinnamate
 +
NH3

Synonyms

AtPAL 1, AtPAL 2, AtPAL 3, AtPAL 4, AtPAL-1, AtPAL-2, AtPAL-3, AtPAL-4, AtPAL2, AvPAL, DcPAL1, EC 4.3.1.5, EncP, L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, L-phenylalanine-ammonia lyase, LrPAL3, LsPAL1, More, PAL, PAL-CLEA, PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL3a, PAL3b, PAL4, PAL5, PAL6, PALrs1, PcPAL1, Phe ammonia-lyase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 1, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 2, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 3, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 4, RgPAL, RxPAL, Sb04g026520, SsPAL1, TcPAL, ZmPAL2

ECTree

     4 Lyases
         4.3 Carbon-nitrogen lyases
             4.3.1 Ammonia-lyases
                4.3.1.24 phenylalanine ammonia-lyase

Inhibitors

Inhibitors on EC 4.3.1.24 - phenylalanine ammonia-lyase

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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
(+)-1-amino-3',4'-dichlorobenzylphosphonic acid
-
strongest inhibitor among 1-aminobenzylphosphonic acids
(+-)-2-aminomethyl-3-phenylpropanoic acid
-
-
(+-)-2-aminooxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid
-
strong inhibition
(2-amino-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl)phosphonic acid
-
powerful inhibitor
(2S)-2-amino-3-(1-benzofuran-3-yl)propanoic acid
-
competitive
(2S)-2-amino-3-(1-benzothien-3-yl)propanoic acid
-
competitive
(R)-1-amino-2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethylphosphonic acid
-
-
(R)-1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid
-
-
(R)-1-amino-2-phenylwthylphosphonic acid
-
strong inhibition
(S)-2-aminooxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid
(S)-2-aminooxy-3-phenylpropionic acid
-
-
1-amino-2-phenylethyl-phosphonic acid
1-amino-3-phenylpropylphosphonate
-
inhibitory effect is half of that of 1-amino-2-phenylethyl-phosphonic acid
1-aminobenzocyclobutene-1-phosphonic acid
-
six times weaker than the inhibitor 1-aminobenzocyclobutene-1-phosphonic acid
1-aminobenzylphosphonic acid
-
various substitutes in the benzene ring
2-amino-3-(1-benzofuran-3-yl)propanoic acid
-
competitive
2-amino-3-(1-benzothien-3-yl)propanoic acid
-
competitive
2-amino-4-bromoindane-2-phosphonic acid
-
-
2-amino-4-hydroxyindane-2-phosphonic acid
-
-
2-aminoindan-2-carboxylic acid
-
-
2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid
2-aminoindane-2-phosphonate
2-aminoindane-2-phosphonic acid
2-mercaptoethanol
2-methoxy-cinnamaldehyde
-
0.010 mg/ml, 82% inhibition; 0.010 mg/ml, complete inhibition
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide
-
partially blocks PAL activity in immobilized cells
3,4-dihydroxybenzoate
-
-
3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid
-
-
3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-DL-Ala
-
-
3-phenylpropionaldehyde
-
0.010 mg/ml, 67% inhibition
4-coumarate
4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid
-
-
4-hydroxycinnamic acid
-
-
8-hydroxyquinoline
-
-
ADP
-
5 mM, approx. 50% inhibition
Aminooxyacetate
-
-
aminooxyacetic acid
AMP
-
5 mM, approx. 40% inhibition
ATP
-
5 mM, approx. 80% inhibition
benzoate
-
uncompetitive inhibition of enzyme form PAL68, non-competitive inhibition of enzyme form PAL116
benzyl alcohol
-
-
beta-(2-pyrimidinyl)-D,L-alanine
-
competitive inhibition
beta-chloroethyltrimethylammonium
-
10 mM, 60% inhibition of PAL activity in cotyledons
beta-phenyl-DL-Ser
-
-
beta-phenylethylamine
-
-
caffeate
catechin
-
-
Cd2+
-
CdCl2, 1 mM, 100% inhibition
chlorogenic acid
Cinnamic acid
Cinnamonitrile
-
-
cinnamyl alcohol
coniferyl alcohol
competitive
coniferyl aldehyde
competitive
coumaric acid
uncompetitive
coumestrol
-
weak
cyclomaltoheptaose
-
-
cyclomaltohexaose
-
-
D-Phe
D-phenylalanine
daidzein
-
weak
dihydrocaffeic acid
-
-
dithiothreitol
-
slight
EDTA
-
35 mM, complete inactivation
Fe2+
1 mM, about 20% loss of activity
ferulate
fluorophenylalanine
formonetin
-
weak
gallic acid
genistein
-
weak
genistin
-
weak
heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)cyclomaltoheptaose
-
-
heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl)cyclomaltoheptaose
-
competitive and noncompetitive inhibition
hexakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)cyclomaltohexaose
-
-
hexakis(2,3-di-O-methyl)cyclomaltohexaose
-
competitive and noncompetitive inhibition, activation at 2 and 3 mM
His
Streptomyces verticillatus
-
-
indole butyric acid
at concentrations higher than 0.001 mM there is inhibitory effect on PAL specific activity
iodoacetamide
-
-
K+
1 mM, 1% loss of activity
kaempferol
-
mixed inhibition
L-2-aminooxy-3-phenylpropionic acid
-
-
L-alpha-aminooxy-beta-phenylpropionic acid
L-Cys
N,N-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
-
10 mM, 82% inhibition
N,N-dimethyl-4-nitro-L-phenylalanine
-
-
N-acetylimidazol
-
10 mM, 75% inhibition
N-methyl-4-nitro-L-phenylalanine
-
-
NaBH4
NaHSO3
-
irreversible
naringenin
-
-
Nomega-Nitro-L-arginine
-
partially blocks PAL activity in immobilized cells
o-coumarate
o-hydroxy-trans-cinnamic acid
-
-
o-phenanthroline
-
20 mM, complete inactivation
p-chloromercuribenzoate
p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid
-
-
p-hydroxybenzoate
Pb2+
1 mM, 50% loss of activity
Phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride
-
10 mM, 59% inhibition
phenylpropiolic acid
-
-
phenylpyruvate
-
-
quercetin
salicylic acid
-
PAL activity decreases with prolonged exposure to 0.25 mM salicylic acid indicating its inhibition
salidroside
competitive
scopoletin
-
increases the negative cooperativity between the substrate binding sites
Sinapic acid
-
weak
trans-cinnamaldehyde
-
0.010 mg/ml, complete inhibition
trans-cinnamate
product inhibition, 1.4 mM, about 40% loss of activity
trans-cinnamic acid
-
product inhibition, PAL is tightly regulated by a feedback mechanism
umbelliferone
-
increases the negative cooperativity between the substrate binding sites
additional information
-