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4.3.1.24: phenylalanine ammonia-lyase

This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, go to the full flat file.

Word Map on EC 4.3.1.24

Reaction

L-phenylalanine
=
trans-cinnamate
 +
NH3

Synonyms

AtPAL 1, AtPAL 2, AtPAL 3, AtPAL 4, AtPAL-1, AtPAL-2, AtPAL-3, AtPAL-4, AtPAL2, AvPAL, DcPAL1, EC 4.3.1.5, EncP, L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, L-phenylalanine-ammonia lyase, LrPAL3, LsPAL1, More, PAL, PAL-CLEA, PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL3a, PAL3b, PAL4, PAL5, PAL6, PALrs1, PcPAL1, Phe ammonia-lyase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 1, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 2, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 3, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 4, RgPAL, RxPAL, Sb04g026520, SsPAL1, TcPAL, ZmPAL2

ECTree

     4 Lyases
         4.3 Carbon-nitrogen lyases
             4.3.1 Ammonia-lyases
                4.3.1.24 phenylalanine ammonia-lyase

Expression

Expression on EC 4.3.1.24 - phenylalanine ammonia-lyase

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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
0.25 mM salicylic acid sharply increases phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity (24 h after application)
-
a 4fold increase of PAL activity is observed in chitosan-stimulated cell cultures (0.01 mg/ml) at 24 h post-elicitation
-
a gradual decrease in both phenylalanine ammonia lyase and tyrosine ammonia lyase activities are observed following infection of rhizomes of Zingiber officinale with Pythium myriotylum. This is in contrast to the gradual increase in phenylalanine ammonia lyase and tyrosine ammonia lyase specific activity after 5 days post infection in the wild taxon Zingiber zerumbet
activities of polyphenol oxidase and PAL are highest after cultivation at low day/night temperatures of 20/13°C, as is anthocyanin content
-
downregulated by dark treatment
expression is induced by treatment with abscisic acid, gibberellin GA3, high and low temperature
expression of PAL transcripts peak 4 h after exposure to 0.05 mg/ml yeast elicitor, whereas 0.025 mM methyl jasmonate induction of PAL transcripts is slower
From 5 days post-anthesis to the onset of ripening PAL5 expression decreases gradually. PAL5 transcript level decreases after abscisic acid treatment (0.1 mM). Treatment with 10 mM H2O2 causes the PAL5 transcript level to decrease after 3 h, a similar decrease is observed for the PAL5 transcript after exposure to 0.05 mM methyl viologen for 3 h
highest expression level is present in the in vitro raised leaf and root samples as compared to that of the ex vitro plant
in response to 200 mM NaCl and 200 mM mannitol treatment the PAL5 transcript increases significantly after 1 h of treatment and begins to decline gradually from then on
in riboflavin-treated inoculated plants, upregulation of PAL expression is detected downstream of lipoxygenase upregulation
-
increase in phenyl alanine ammonia lyase activity is observed at both the treatments of supplemental UV-B (pre-treatment of Psoralens against supplemental UV-B and supplemental UV-B) with maximum increment of 42.9% at pre-treatment of Psoralens against supplemental UV-B followed by 14.8% in supplemental UV-B as compared to the control at 20 days after germination
-
induced by mechanical wounding
induced most strongly in response to 300 microM methyl jasmonate treatment at 6 h
isogenes AtPAL-1, -2, and -4 have much higher expression levels than AtPAL-3
methyl jasmonate treatment during storage significantly inhibits the increase in activity of PAL
-
mRNA level of isoform PAL6 is higher in cultivar Camarosa than in cultivar Toyonoka
Muktakeshi cultivar shows a higher increase in the PAL activity with the concentrations of the 0.0012 mg/l eliciting solution in the cell suspension culture medium
-
nitrogen depletion induces the expression of PAL1 and PAL2
PAL activity increases after 48 h of incubation with ethephon at 22°C and during fruit ripening
-
PAL activity increases in both the leaf rosettes and the roots of Ni-treated chamomile (0.003-0.12 mM for 10 days)
-
PAL activity of the 20-day-old immobilized Taxus cuspidata cells increases by 11% after 4 h treatment with 0.02 mM sodium nitroprusside
-
PAL mRNA level is higher in seedlings growing in the presence of Pb2+ than in the control. The increase in activity is not directly correlated with the increase in mRNA
-
PAL mRNA level is higher in soybean roots growing in the presence of Cd2+ or Pb2+ than in the control. The highest amount of mRNA coding for PAL is observed in the presence of 15 mg/l of Cd2+ or 50 mg/l of Pb2+. The increase in activity is not directly correlated with the increase in mRNA
-
PAL mRNA level is lower in seedlings growing in the presence of Cd2+ than in the control
-
pretreatment of mycelia with 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide or aminoguanidine suppresses PAL activity
-
significantly down-regulated in the rain shelter group compared to those in the control group
SsPAL1 was constitutively expressed and is enhanced by light and different abiotic factors
Coleus scutellarioides
the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase decreases in all treatments on the fifth day after inoculation of nematode over control. The reduction is significant in all the treatments except salicylic acid treatment
the expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase mRNA increases during cold storage of mung bean sprout. The increase in expression is inhibited by the heat-shock treatment of mung bean sprout before storage
-
the second day following inoculation of nematode Pratylenchus thornei, the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase increases significantly compared to control in all treatments. All seedlings treated by both inducers, salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate, show further increase over infected seedlings without inducer. Increasing is significant only in the nematode treatments free of salicylic acid
transcript levels in leaves are significantly induced by methyl jasmonate, nitric oxide, and salicylic acid
treatment of seedlings with 5 mM 3-aminobenzamide significantly reduces PAL activity in elf18-elicited seedlings
-
upregulated by different types of abiotic stresses like wounding, cold, UV-B and salinity