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Information on EC 6.3.2.25 - tubulin-tyrosine ligase
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC6.3.2.25
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EC Tree 6 Ligases
6.3 Forming carbon-nitrogen bonds
6.3.2 Acid—amino-acid ligases (peptide synthases)
6.3.2.25 tubulin-tyrosine ligase
IUBMB Comments
L-Tyrosine is linked via a peptide bond to the C-terminus of de-tyrosinated α-tubulin (des-Tyrω-α-tubulin). The enzyme is highly specific for α-tubulin and moderately specific for ATP and L-tyrosine. L-Phenylalanine and 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine are transferred but with higher Km values.
The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
- 6.3.2.25
- microtubule
-
detyrosinated
-
hardware
-
non-sentinel
-
d-roms
-
polyglutamylation
- analysis
- synthesis
Reaction Schemes
showSynonyms
ttl, tubulin tyrosine ligase, tubulin-tyrosine ligase, tubulin:tyrosine ligase, ttlase, tubulin-tyrosine-ligase, tyrosyltubulin ligase, more
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
Synthetase, tubulin-tyrosine
-
-
-
-
TTL
TTLase
-
-
-
-
tubulin tyrosine ligase
tubulin-tyrosine ligase
Tubulin:tyrosine ligase
-
-
-
-
Tyrosyltubulin ligase
-
-
-
-
TTL
-
-
-
-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine = alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
random sequential mechanism
-
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine = alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
reaction mechanism, structure-function analysis, overview
E1BQ43
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine = alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
-
-
-
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
formation of peptide bond
-
-
-
-
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
alpha-tubulin:L-tyrosine ligase (ADP-forming)
L-Tyrosine is linked via a peptide bond to the C-terminus of de-tyrosinated alpha-tubulin (des-Tyromega-alpha-tubulin). The enzyme is highly specific for alpha-tubulin and moderately specific for ATP and L-tyrosine. L-Phenylalanine and 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine are transferred but with higher Km values.
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
60321-03-1
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
COMMENTARY
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + 3-fluoro-Tyr
?
-
Substrates: tubulin covalently labeled with 3-fluoro-Tyr is competient to polimerize into microtubules
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + 3-nitro-L-tyrosine
nitrotyrosinated alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-hydroxyphenylalanine
?
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
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?
ATP + peptide of detyrosinated alpha tubulin + Tyr
peptide of alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
-
Substrates: peptides ending like alpha-tubulin with the sequence Gly-Glu-Glu are optimally tyrosinated once a peptide length of 12 residues is reached. The carboxy-terminal tetradecapeptide of detyrosinated alpha-tubulin acts as substrate at 50fold lower efficiency than alphabeta-tubulin
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?
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
-
Substrates: -
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r
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
Substrates: -
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + 3-nitro-L-tyrosine
nitrotyrosinated alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
-
Substrates: -
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ir
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + 3-nitro-L-tyrosine
nitrotyrosinated alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
-
Substrates: -
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ir
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + 3-nitro-L-tyrosine
nitrotyrosinated alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
-
Substrates: 35fold lower affinity for nitrotyrosine than for L-tyrosine, nitrotyrosine is incoorporated into the C-terminus
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-Tyr
?
-
Substrates: posttranslational addition of Tyr to the carboxyterminal end of detyrosinated alpha-tubulin
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-Tyr
?
-
Substrates: posttranslational modification of tubulin with potential significance for the regulation of microtubule assembly or function
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-Tyr
?
-
Substrates: activity increases from the embryonic stage to the fourth larval stage L4, decreases from L4 to adult and to aged nematodes with only qualitative alterations in substrate specificity
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-Tyr
?
-
Substrates: terminal Tyr is present in about 5% of flagellar alpha-chain from cells in stationary phase and 20% from cells from midlog phase. None is detected in tubulin from cytosol or the subpellicular corset. In contrast to mammalian cells, in which higher state of tyrosinylation characterizes recently assembled or unstable microtubules, terminal Tyr is present only in the most stable polymer, the flagellar double microtubules
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-Tyr
?
-
Substrates: posttranslational addition of Tyr to the carboxyterminal end of detyrosinated alpha-tubulin
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-Tyr
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
-
Substrates: tyrosinates Crithidia tubulin but not brain tubulin and is specific for the alpha chain
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-Tyr
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
Substrates: the enzyme plays a vital role in neuronal organization
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-Tyr
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
-
Substrates: the enzyme plays a vital role in neuronal organization
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-Tyr
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
-
Substrates: r
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-Tyr
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
-
Substrates: -
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-Tyr
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
-
Substrates: turkey erythrocyte tubulin
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
-
Substrates: -
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
-
Substrates: -
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r
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
E1BQ43
Substrates: tubuline alpha/beta-dimers, no activity with tyrosinate polymerized microtubules in which the tubulin subunits adopt a straighter configuration
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
E1BQ43
Substrates: -
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
-
Substrates: -
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
Substrates: -
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ir
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
-
Substrates: tubulin tyrosination is a major factor affecting the recruitment of cytoskeleton-associated protein glycine-rich proteins at microtubule plus ends
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
-
Substrates: -
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
Substrates: -
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ir
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
Substrates: -
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
Substrates: -
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ir
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
-
Substrates: -
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + tyramine
?
-
Substrates: very low activity
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?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: full-length stathmin and tubulin tyrosine ligase compete for binding to tubulin and fail to make a stable tubulin:stathmin:tubulin tyrosine ligase triple complex in solution
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?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: the testis-specific apoptosis related gene TTL.6 (member of the tubulin-tyrosine ligase family) undergoes adaptive evolution in the lineage leading to humans
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?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: microtubule-associated protein 1B interaction with tubulin tyrosine ligase contributes to the control of microtubule tyrosination, interaction between MAP1B and TTL is not regulated by MAP1B phosphorylation, overview
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Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: full-length stathmin and tubulin tyrosine ligase compete for binding to tubulin and fail to make a stable tubulin:stathmin:tubulin tyrosine ligase triple complex in solution
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?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
COMMENTARY
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
Substrates: -
Products: -
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-Tyr
?
-
Substrates: posttranslational addition of Tyr to the carboxyterminal end of detyrosinated alpha-tubulin
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-Tyr
?
-
Substrates: posttranslational modification of tubulin with potential significance for the regulation of microtubule assembly or function
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-Tyr
?
-
Substrates: activity increases from the embryonic stage to the fourth larval stage L4, decreases from L4 to adult and to aged nematodes with only qualitative alterations in substrate specificity
Products: -
Products: -
?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-Tyr
?
-
Substrates: terminal Tyr is present in about 5% of flagellar alpha-chain from cells in stationary phase and 20% from cells from midlog phase. None is detected in tubulin from cytosol or the subpellicular corset. In contrast to mammalian cells, in which higher state of tyrosinylation characterizes recently assembled or unstable microtubules, terminal Tyr is present only in the most stable polymer, the flagellar double microtubules
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-Tyr
?
-
Substrates: posttranslational addition of Tyr to the carboxyterminal end of detyrosinated alpha-tubulin
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-Tyr
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
Substrates: the enzyme plays a vital role in neuronal organization
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-Tyr
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
-
Substrates: the enzyme plays a vital role in neuronal organization
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
E1BQ43
Substrates: tubuline alpha/beta-dimers, no activity with tyrosinate polymerized microtubules in which the tubulin subunits adopt a straighter configuration
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
Substrates: -
Products: -
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ir
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
-
Substrates: tubulin tyrosination is a major factor affecting the recruitment of cytoskeleton-associated protein glycine-rich proteins at microtubule plus ends
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Products: -
?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
Substrates: -
Products: -
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ir
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
Substrates: -
Products: -
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?
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
Substrates: -
Products: -
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ir
ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine
alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: the testis-specific apoptosis related gene TTL.6 (member of the tubulin-tyrosine ligase family) undergoes adaptive evolution in the lineage leading to humans
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: microtubule-associated protein 1B interaction with tubulin tyrosine ligase contributes to the control of microtubule tyrosination, interaction between MAP1B and TTL is not regulated by MAP1B phosphorylation, overview
Products: -
Products: -
?
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Ca2+
-
required for the N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe-induced and the antibiotic A23187-induced stimulation
KCl
Mg2+
MgCl2
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
(1R,4aS,6R,8S)-6,8-dihydroxy-5-[(3E)-5-hydroxy-5-(3-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yl)-3-methylpent-3-en-1-yl]-4a,6-dimethyldecahydronaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid
-
increases the non-tyrosinatable form of alpha-tubulin in human cancer cell cultures indicating to act as an inhibitor of TTL
3-nitro-L-tyrosine
-
50% inhibition of tyrosine incorporation at 50fold higher concentrations of nitrotyrosine
ADP
-
competitive with respect to ATP, non-competitive with respect to tubulin and L-Tyr
stathmin
-
inhibits the enzyme's tubulin tyrosination activity in vitro suggesting either that tubulin tyrosine ligase and stathmin have a partially overlapping footprint on the tubulin dimer or that stathmin induces a tubulin conformation incompatible with stable tubulin tyrosine ligase binding
-
stathmin
-
inhibits the enzyme's tubulin tyrosination activity in vitro suggesting either that tubulin tyrosine ligase and stathmin have a partially overlapping footprint on the tubulin dimer or that stathmin induces a tubulin conformation incompatible with stable tubulin tyrosine ligase binding
-
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
A23187
-
Ca2+ is required for the N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe-induced and the A23187-induced stimulation
N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe
-
Ca2+ is required for the N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe-induced and the A23187-induced stimulation
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DISEASE
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
LINK TO PUBMED
Agammaglobulinemia
[Study on Kveim's test. Positive tests in agammaglobulinemia. Comparison with TTL in presence of Kveim's antigen]
Ameloblastoma
Immunohistochemical demonstration of keratin in ameloblastoma as an indication of tumor differentiation.
Breast Neoplasms
Prediction of non-sentinel lymph node metastasis in early breast cancer by assessing total tumoral load in the sentinel lymph node by molecular assay.
Breast Neoplasms
Role of total tumour load of sentinel lymph node on survival in early breast cancer patients.
Breast Neoplasms
[Comparative study of the lymphocyte surface receptors isolated from the blood and tissue of malignant tumors]
Colorectal Neoplasms
Diagnostic value of thiols, paraoxonase 1, arylesterase and oxidative balance in colorectal cancer in human.
Coma
Tilt-to-length noise coupled by wavefront errors in the interfering beams for the space measurement of gravitational waves.
Confusion
Four transthyretin-like genes of the migratory plant-parasitic nematode Radopholus similis: members of an extensive nematode-specific family.
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
[Skin and laboratory tests: comparison of the epicutaneous patch test with the TTL and LIF tests in the diagnosis of medicamentous allergic contact dermatitis]
Glioblastoma
The Prognostic Value of CD133 in Predicting the Relapse and Recurrence Pattern of High-Grade Gliomas on MRI: A Meta-Analysis.
Glioma
The Prognostic Value of CD133 in Predicting the Relapse and Recurrence Pattern of High-Grade Gliomas on MRI: A Meta-Analysis.
Hypersensitivity
[Delayed allergic reaction to amlodipine with a positive lymphocyte transformation test].
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
MRI analysis of the ISOBAR TTL internal fixation system for the dynamic fixation of intervertebral discs: a comparison with rigid internal fixation.
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Short-Term Therapeutic Efficacy of the Isobar TTL Dynamic Internal Fixation System for the Treatment of Lumbar Degenerative Disc Diseases.
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
[Influence of isobar ttl dynamic internal fixation system on adjacent segment degeneration by mri measurement of lumbar nucleus pulposus volume].
Leishmaniasis, Visceral
[Study of cellular immunity in patients with Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis]
Leukemia
Identification of a novel fusion gene, TTL, fused to ETV6 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia with t(12;13)(p13;q14), and its implication in leukemogenesis.
Lung Neoplasms
Serum total thiol levels and the risk of lung, colorectal, breast and prostate cancer: A prospective case-cohort study.
Lung Neoplasms
[Comparative study of the lymphocyte surface receptors isolated from the blood and tissue of malignant tumors]
Neoplasm Metastasis
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition promotes tubulin Detyrosination and Microtentacles that enhance endothelial engagement.
Neoplasm Metastasis
Intraoperative Nomograms, Based on One-Step Nucleic Acid Amplification, for Prediction of Non-sentinel Node Metastasis and Four or More Axillary Node Metastases in Breast Cancer Patients with Sentinel Node Metastasis.
Neoplasm Metastasis
Nomogram including the total tumoral load in the sentinel nodes assessed by one-step nucleic acid amplification as a new factor for predicting nonsentinel lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients.
Neoplasm Metastasis
One-step nucleic acid amplification assay for intraoperative prediction of advanced axillary lymph node metastases in breast cancer patients with sentinel lymph node metastasis.
Neoplasm Metastasis
Prediction of non-sentinel lymph node metastasis in early breast cancer by assessing total tumoral load in the sentinel lymph node by molecular assay.
Neoplasm Metastasis
Safety and oncological efficacy of bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph-node dissection after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a propensity-matched analysis.
Neoplasm Metastasis
Total tumor load assessed by one-step nucleic acid amplification assay as an intraoperative predictor for non-sentinel lymph node metastasis in breast cancer.
Neoplasms
Activity of paclitaxel liposome formulations against human ovarian tumor xenografts.
Neoplasms
Blood markers of oxidative stress are strongly associated with poorer prognosis in colorectal cancer patients.
Neoplasms
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition promotes tubulin Detyrosination and Microtentacles that enhance endothelial engagement.
Neoplasms
Intraoperative Nomograms, Based on One-Step Nucleic Acid Amplification, for Prediction of Non-sentinel Node Metastasis and Four or More Axillary Node Metastases in Breast Cancer Patients with Sentinel Node Metastasis.
Neoplasms
Low expression of human tubulin tyrosine ligase and suppressed tubulin tyrosination/detyrosination cycle are associated with impaired neuronal differentiation in neuroblastomas with poor prognosis.
Neoplasms
Molecularly determined total tumour load in lymph nodes of stage I-II colon cancer patients correlates with high-risk factors. A multicentre prospective study.
Neoplasms
Nomogram including the total tumoral load in the sentinel nodes assessed by one-step nucleic acid amplification as a new factor for predicting nonsentinel lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients.
Neoplasms
Nomogram to predict non-sentinel lymph node status using total tumor load determined by one-step nucleic acid amplification: first report from Thailand.
Neoplasms
Normal and prostate cancer cells display distinct molecular profiles of alpha-tubulin posttranslational modifications.
Neoplasms
Role of total tumour load of sentinel lymph node on survival in early breast cancer patients.
Neoplasms
Serum total thiol levels and the risk of lung, colorectal, breast and prostate cancer: A prospective case-cohort study.
Neoplasms
Sesterterpenes as tubulin tyrosine ligase inhibitors. First insight of structure-activity relationships and discovery of new lead.
Neoplasms
The Prognostic Value of CD133 in Predicting the Relapse and Recurrence Pattern of High-Grade Gliomas on MRI: A Meta-Analysis.
Neoplasms
The relationship between endogenous thymidine concentrations and [(18)F]FLT uptake in a range of preclinical tumour models.
Neoplasms
The use of onestep nucleic acid amplification (OSNA) and tumour related factors in the treatment of axillary breast cancer: A predictive model.
Neoplasms
Three steps to cancer: how phosphorylation of tubulin, tubulin tyrosine ligase and P-glycoprotein may generate and sustain cancer.
Neoplasms
Total tumor load assessed by one-step nucleic acid amplification assay as an intraoperative predictor for non-sentinel lymph node metastasis in breast cancer.
Neoplasms
Tubulin detyrosination is a frequent occurrence in breast cancers of poor prognosis.
Neoplasms
Tubulin tyrosination is a major factor affecting the recruitment of CAP-Gly proteins at microtubule plus ends.
Neoplasms
[Comparative study of the lymphocyte surface receptors isolated from the blood and tissue of malignant tumors]
Neoplastic Cells, Circulating
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition promotes tubulin Detyrosination and Microtentacles that enhance endothelial engagement.
Neuroblastoma
Low expression of human tubulin tyrosine ligase and suppressed tubulin tyrosination/detyrosination cycle are associated with impaired neuronal differentiation in neuroblastomas with poor prognosis.
Pheochromocytoma
NF-?B inhibition significantly upregulates the norepinephrine transporter system, causes apoptosis in pheochromocytoma cell lines and prevents metastasis in an animal model.
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
Identification of a novel fusion gene, TTL, fused to ETV6 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia with t(12;13)(p13;q14), and its implication in leukemogenesis.
Prostatic Neoplasms
Serum total thiol levels and the risk of lung, colorectal, breast and prostate cancer: A prospective case-cohort study.
Spondylolisthesis
Posterior Dynamic Stabilization with Direct Pars Repair via Wiltse Approach for the Treatment of Lumbar Spondylolysis: The Application of a Novel Surgery.
Spondylolysis
Posterior Dynamic Stabilization with Direct Pars Repair via Wiltse Approach for the Treatment of Lumbar Spondylolysis: The Application of a Novel Surgery.
Spondylolysis
[Clinical outcome of ISOBAR TTL dynamic stabilization with pars bone grafting for treatment of lumbar spondylolysis].
Stroke
Association of serum markers of oxidative stress with myocardial infarction and stroke: pooled results from four large European cohort studies.
Varicose Veins
Per-rectal portal scintigraphy as an alternative measure of hepatic venous pressure gradient in chronic liver disease: A preliminary report.
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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Ki VALUE [mM]
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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pI VALUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
Highest Expressing Human Cell Lines
Cell Line LinksPlease wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
malfunction
physiological function
additional information
E1BQ43
the enzyme's tubulin-contacting residues are well conserved. The alpha-tubulin residues alphaGlu441 and alphaGlu449 anchor the tail by forming hydrogen bonds with residues Arg73, Ala75, Ser76, Ser152, and Val179, and Asn10, Ser12, Arg44, and Pro336 of TTL, respectively. When bound to the enzyme, the polypeptide chain of the alpha-tubulin tail adopts a loop-like conformation between the tail-anchoring residues alphaGlu441 and alphaGlu449. The enzyme's orientation on tubulin heterodimers places its catalytic domain near to alpha-tubulin's C-terminal tail, which binds to the enzyme's active site through two glutamate residues missing from beta-tubulin's C-terminus
malfunction
-
mutation of tubulin binding residues largely abolishes the enzyme ability to tyrosinate alpha-tubulin and restrict neurite outgrowth in cultured neurons. The neuronal defects of tubulin tyrosine ligase knockout mice are due to the loss of tubulin tyrosination and not because the enzyme is required to tyrosinate any other substrates. Neurons from TTL-null mice show strong developmental defects, including increased neurite extensions and premature differentiation
malfunction
enzyme heterozygous mice exhibit decreased tyrosinated microtubules, reduced dendritic spine density and both synaptic plasticity and memory deficits. A reduction in enzyme expression results in loss of tyrosinated tubulin in vivo, early memory defects and age-dependent hippocampal synaptic dysfunction that affects both basal transmission and activity-dependent plasticity
malfunction
enzyme heterozygous mice exhibit decreased tyrosinated microtubules, reduced dendritic spine density and both synaptic plasticity and memory deficits. A reduction in enzyme expression results in loss of tyrosinated tubulin in vivo, early memory defects and age-dependent hippocampal synaptic dysfunction that affects both basal transmission and activity-dependent plasticity
malfunction
enzyme heterozygous mice exhibit decreased tyrosinated microtubules, reduced dendritic spine density and both synaptic plasticity and memory deficits. A reduction in enzyme expression results in loss of tyrosinated tubulin in vivo, early memory defects and age-dependent hippocampal synaptic dysfunction that affects both basal transmission and activity-dependent plasticity
physiological function
-
plays a role in cell division, in particular in cell wall deposition
physiological function
-
plays a role in cell division, in particular in cell wall deposition
physiological function
E1BQ43
the enzyme specifically recognizes the C-terminus of alpha-tubulin adding L-tyrosine to modulate the behavior of microtubules, tyrosinated microtubules are more dynamic than detyrosinated filaments in cells. The enzyme is bound at the interface of tubulin alpha- and beta-subunits and specifically recognizes the tubulin dimer's curved conformation
physiological function
-
tubulin tyrosine ligase forms a stable complex with tubulin and inhibits tubulin polymerization, it competes in this function with stathmin
physiological function
-
tubulin tyrosine ligase forms a stable complex with tubulin and inhibits tubulin polymerization, it competes in this function with stathmin
physiological function
-
the enzyme specifically recognizes the C-terminus of alpha-tubulin adding L-tyrosine to modulate the behavior of microtubules, tyrosinated microtubules are more dynamic than detyrosinated filaments in cells. The enzyme is bound at the interface of tubulin alpha- and beta-subunits and specifically recognizes the tubulin dimer's curved conformation
physiological function
-
tubulin-tyrosine ligase TTL is required to increase the levels of tyrosinated alpha-tubulin at an axon injury site and plays an important role in injury signaling. Preventing the injury-induced increase in tyrosinated alpha-tubulin by knocking down TTL impairs retrograde organelle transport and delays activation of the pro-regenerative transcription factor c-Jun. In the absence of TTL, axon regeneration is reduced severely
physiological function
tubulin retyrosination by the enzyme protects neurons from oligomeric amyloid-beta peptide (1-42) synaptotoxicity and promotes microtubule invasion into spines
physiological function
tubulin retyrosination by the enzyme protects neurons from oligomeric amyloid-beta peptide (1-42) synaptotoxicity and promotes microtubule invasion into spines
physiological function
tubulin retyrosination by the enzyme protects neurons from oligomeric amyloid-beta peptide (1-42) synaptotoxicity and promotes microtubule invasion into spines
physiological function
elevated tubulin detyrosination in consequence of enzyme TTLL12 overexpression affects structural and dynamic features of microtubules, followed by changes in the axiality of cell plate deposition and, consequently, plant growth. Enzyme overexpression confers a reduced sensitivity to oryzalin, leads to disoriented cross walls and affects phragmoplast organization
Show AA Sequence and Transmembrane Helices (1094 entries)
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PDB
SCOP
CATH
UNIPROT
ORGANISM
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
35000
-
gel filtration, MW of enzyme in crude extract, the MW of the purified enzyme is 150000. Addition of pure dimeric tubulin to the 35000 MW enzyme converts it back to the larger form which is apparently a stoichiometric 1:1 complex of tubulin and the 35000 MW enzyme
40000
43000
43425
additional information
-
two-domain structure: the two domains interact tightly under physiological conditions. The 30000 MW domain carries the binding sites for beta-tubulin and ATP. The 14000 MW domain can possibly form an additional part of the catalytic site
40000
-
glycerol density gradient centrifugation. The MW of the ligase preincubated with excess phosphocellulose-tubulin is 150000
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SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
monomer
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POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
phosphoprotein
phosphoprotein
E1BQ43
phosphorylation of Ser152 might play an important role in the regulation of tubulin tyrosine ligase activity
phosphoprotein
-
TTL sequence has at least 8 consensus phosphorylation sites to PKA, PKC, CKII, or tyrosine kinase, phosphorylation may be a potential mechanism for regulation of alpha-tubulin tyronisation
phosphoprotein
-
TTL contains a potential serine phosphorylation site for cAMP-dependent protein kinase
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CRYSTALLIZATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
purified enzyme in complex with alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers, X-ray diffraction structure determination and analysis
E1BQ43
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PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
H54A
E1BQ43
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant enzyme shows moderately reduced binding to tubulin dimers
R36E
E1BQ43
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant enzyme shows strongly reduced binding to tubulin dimers
R51A
E1BQ43
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant enzyme shows moderately reduced binding to tubulin dimers
R51A/H54A
E1BQ43
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant enzyme shows strongly reduced binding to tubulin dimers
R66E
E1BQ43
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant enzyme shows strongly reduced binding to tubulin dimers
S152E
E1BQ43
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows over 90% reduced activity compared to the wild-type enzyme
S76E
E1BQ43
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant is comparable to the wild-type enzyme
additional information
-
neurons lacking MAP1B, when exposed to drugs that reversibly depolymerize microtubules, do not fully recover tyrosinated microtubules upon drug removal
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GENERAL STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
photoinactivation in presence of 3-azido-L-Tyr and p-azido-L-Phe. PCMB protects by reversibly blocking essential thiol groups during illumination
-
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STORAGE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
-70°C, 25 mM K+-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid, pH 6.8, 150 mM KCl, 12.5 MgCl2, 2.5 mM ATP, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 15% glycerol, at least 4 months, no loss of activity
-
-70°C, in presence of 40% or 20% glycerol the enzyme can be stored for at least 6 months at a protein concentration of 0.02 mg/ml
-
-70°C, protein concentration 0.02 mg/ml, 20-40% glycerol, stable for at least 1 year
-
-70°C, stable for at least a year in 400 mM KCl with a protein concentration of about 1 mg/ml
-
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PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
recombinant GST-tagged enzyme from Escherichia coli strain BL21 by glutathione affinity chromatography
-
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CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
expression of GST-tagged TTL in Escherichia coli strain BL21, co-expression of TTL with MAP1B in COS-7 cells inducing an increase in tyrosinated microtubules
-
transient transfection of a TTL cDNA portion that encodes the beta-tubulin binding domain but lacks the catalytic domain into CHO-K1 cells
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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
the enzyme expression is reduced in sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease
the enzyme expression is upregulated in Babesia bovis in vitro induced sexual stages and parasites developing in the tick vector
-
the enzyme expression is reduced in sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease
the enzyme expression is reduced in sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease
the enzyme expression is reduced in sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease
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APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
synthesis
-
restoration of the excitability of the giant axon of Doryteuthis bleekeri by tubulin-tyrosine ligase and microtubule proteins
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REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Wehland, J.; Schrder, H.C.; Weber, K.
Isolation and purification of tubulin tyrosine ligase
Methods Enzymol.
134
170-179
1986
Sus scrofa
brenda
Rudiger, M.; Wehland, J.; Weber, K.
The carboxy-terminal peptide of detyrosinated alpha tubulin provides a minimal system to study the substrate specificity of tubulin-tyrosine ligase
Eur. J. Biochem.
220
309-320
1994
Sus scrofa
brenda
Joniau, M.; Coudijzer, K.; de Cuyper, M.
Reaction of alpha-tubulin with iodotyrosines catalyzed by tubulin:tyrosine ligase: carboxy-terminal labeling of tubulin with [125]monoiodotyrosine
Anal. Biochem.
184
325-329
1990
Sus scrofa
brenda
Chang, S.; Flavin, M.
Tubulin tyrosination in Crithidia: modifying enzymes and modification states of tubulin
Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton
10
400-409
1988
Crithidia fasciculata
brenda
Flavin, M.; Kobayashi, T.; Martensen, T.M.
Tubulin-tyrosine ligase from brain
Methods Cell Biol.
24
257-263
1982
Bos taurus
brenda
Nath, J.; Gallin, J.I.
Ionic requirement and subcellular localization of tubulin tyrosinolation in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes
J. Immunol.
136
628-635
1986
Homo sapiens
brenda
Ersfeld, K.; Wehland, J.; Plessmann, U.; Dodemont, H.; Gerke, V.; Weber, K.
Characterization of the tubulin-tyrosine ligase
J. Cell Biol.
120
725-732
1993
Sus scrofa, Bos taurus
brenda
Wehland, J.; Weber, K.
Tubulin-tyrosine ligase has a binding site on beta-tubulin: a two-domain structure of the enzyme
J. Cell Biol.
104
1059-1067
1987
Sus scrofa
brenda
Argarana, C.E.; Barra, H.S.; Caputto, R.
Release of [14C]tyrosine from tubulinyl-[14C]tyrosine by brain extract separation of a carboxypeptidase from tubulin-tyrosine ligase
Mol. Cell. Biochem.
19
17-21
1978
Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Raybin, D.; Flavin, M.
Enzyme which specifically adds tyrosine to the alpha chain of tubulin
Biochemistry
16
2189-2194
1977
Bos taurus
brenda
Gabius, H.J.; Graupner, G.; Cramer, F.
Activity patterns of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, tRNA methylases, arginyltransferase and tubulin:tyrosine ligase during development and ageing of Caenorhabditis elegans
Eur. J. Biochem.
131
231-234
1983
Caenorhabditis elegans
brenda
Rudiger, M.; Weber, K.
Characterization of the post-translational modifications in tubulin from the marginal band of avian erythrocytes
Eur. J. Biochem.
218
107-116
1993
Sus scrofa
brenda
Deans, N.L.; Allison, R.D.; Purich, D.L.
Steady-state kinetic mechanism of bovine brain tubulin:tyrosine ligase
Biochem. J.
286
243-251
1992
Bos taurus
brenda
Monasterio, O.; Nova, E.; Lopez-Brauet, A.; Lagos, R.
Tubulin-tyrosine catalyzes covalent binding of 3-fluoro-tyrosine to tubulin: kinetic and [19F]NMR studies
FEBS Lett.
374
165-168
1995
Gallus gallus
brenda
Coudijzer, K.; Joniau, M.
3 Azido-L-tyrosine as a photoinhibitor of tubulin:tyrosine ligase. Role of thiol groups
FEBS Lett.
268
95-98
1990
Sus scrofa
brenda
Matsumoto, G.; Kobayashi, T.; Sakai, H.
Restoration of the excitability of squid giant axon by tubulin-tyrosine ligase and microtubule protein
J. Biochem.
86
1155-1158
1979
Bos taurus
brenda
Murofushi, H.
Purification and characterization of tubulin-tyrosine ligase from porcine brain
J. Biochem.
87
979-984
1980
Sus scrofa
brenda
Schrder, H.C.; Wehland, J.; Weber, K.
Purification of brain tubulin-tyrosine ligase by biochemical and immunological methods
J. Cell Biol.
100
276-281
1985
Sus scrofa
brenda
MacRae, T.H.
Tubulin post-translational modifications
Eur. J. Biochem.
244
265-278
1997
Sus scrofa, Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Kalisz, H.M.; Erck, C.; Plessmann, U.; Wehland, J.
Incorporation of nitrotyrosine into alpha-tubulin by recombinant mammalian tubulin-tyrosine ligase
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1481
131-138
2000
Sus scrofa
brenda
Idriss, H.T.
Phosphorylation of tubulin tyrosine ligase: a potential mechanism for regulation of alpha-tubulin tyrosination
Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton
46
1-5
2000
Sus scrofa
brenda
Lafanechere, L.; Courtay-Cahen, C.; Kawakami, T.; Jacrot, M.; Rudiger, M.; Wehland, J.; Job, D.; Margolis, R.L.
Suppression of tubulin tyrosine ligase during tumor growth
J. Cell Sci.
111
171-181
1998
Homo sapiens, Sus scrofa
brenda
Erck, C.; Frank, R.; Wehland, J.
Tubulin-tyrosine ligase, a long-lasting enigma
Neurochem. Res.
25
5-10
2000
Sus scrofa
brenda
Mas, C.R.; Arregui, C.O.; Filiberti, A.; Argarana, C.E.; Barra, H.S.
Cloning of rat olfactory bulb tubulin tyrosine ligase cDNA: a dominant negative mutant and an antisense cDNA increase the proliferation rate of cells in culture
Neurochem. Res.
27
1453-1458
2002
Rattus norvegicus (Q9QXJ0)
brenda
Erck, C.; Peris, L.; Andrieux, A.; Meissirel, C.; Gruber, A.D.; Vernet, M.; Schweitzer, A.; Saoudi, Y.; Pointu, H.; Bosc, C.; Salin, P.A.; Job, D.; Wehland, J.
A vital role of tubulin-tyrosine-ligase for neuronal organization
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
102
7853-7858
2005
Mus musculus, Homo sapiens (Q8NG68)
brenda
Chen, X.H.; Shi, H.; Liu, X.L.; Su, B.
The testis-specific apoptosis related gene TTL.6 underwent adaptive evolution in the lineage leading to humans
Gene
370
58-63
2006
Homo sapiens
brenda
Gordon-Weeks, P.; Galjart, N.; Bornens, M.; Wordeman, L.; Wehland, J.; Andrieux, A.; Job, D.
Tubulin tyrosination is a major factor affecting the recruitment of CAP-Gly proteins at microtubule plus ends
J. Cell Biol.
174
839-849
2006
Mus musculus
brenda
Utreras, E.; Jimenez-Mateos, E.M.; Contreras-Vallejos, E.; Tortosa, E.; Perez, M.; Rojas, S.; Saragoni, L.; Maccioni, R.B.; Avila, J.; Gonzalez-Billault, C.
Microtubule-associated protein 1B interaction with tubulin tyrosine ligase contributes to the control of microtubule tyrosination
Dev. Neurosci.
30
200-210
2008
Mus musculus
brenda
Jovanovic, A.M.; Durst, S.; Nick, P.
Plant cell division is specifically affected by nitrotyrosine
J. Exp. Bot.
61
901-909
2010
Nicotiana tabacum, Oryza sativa Japonica Group
brenda
Dal Piaz, F.; Vassallo, A.; Lepore, L.; Tosco, A.; Bader, A.; De Tommasi, N.
Sesterterpenes as tubulin tyrosine ligase inhibitors. First insight of structure-activity relationships and discovery of new lead
J. Med. Chem.
52
3814-3828
2009
Homo sapiens
brenda
Prota, A.E.; Magiera, M.M.; Kuijpers, M.; Bargsten, K.; Frey, D.; Wieser, M.; Jaussi, R.; Hoogenraad, C.C.; Kammerer, R.A.; Janke, C.; Steinmetz, M.O.
Structural basis of tubulin tyrosination by tubulin tyrosine ligase
J. Cell Biol.
200
259-270
2013
Gallus gallus (E1BQ43), Mus musculus
brenda
Szyk, A.; Piszczek, G.; Roll-Mecak, A.
Tubulin tyrosine ligase and stathmin compete for tubulin binding in vitro
J. Mol. Biol.
425
2412-2414
2013
Sus scrofa, Bos taurus
brenda
Song, W.; Cho, Y.; Watt, D.; Cavalli, V.
Tubulin-tyrosine ligase (TTL)-mediated increase in tyrosinated alpha-tubulin in injured axons is required for retrograde injury signaling and axon regeneration
J. Biol. Chem.
290
14765-14775
2015
Mus musculus
brenda
Peris, L.; Parato, J.; Qu, X.; Soleilhac, J.M.; Lante, F.; Kumar, A.; Pero, M.E.; Martinez-Hernandez, J.; Corrao, C.; Falivelli, G.; Payet, F.; Gory-Faure, S.; Bosc, C.; Blanca Ramirez, M.; Sproul, A.; Brocard, J.; Di Cara, B.; Delagrange, P.; Buisson, A.; Goldberg, Y.; Moutin, M.J.; Bartolini, F.; Andrieux, A.
Tubulin tyrosination regulates synaptic function and is disrupted in Alzheimers disease
Brain
145
2486-2506
2022
Rattus norvegicus (Q9QXJ0), Mus musculus (P38585), Homo sapiens (Q8NG68)
brenda
Zhang, K.; Zhu, X.; Durst, S.; Hohenberger, P.; Han, M.J.; An, G.; Sahi, V.P.; Riemann, M.; Nick, P.
A rice tubulin tyrosine ligase-like 12 protein affects the dynamic and orientation of microtubules
J. Integr. Plant Biol.
63
848-864
2021
Oryza sativa Japonica Group (Q8H022)
brenda
Hussein, H.E.; Johnson, W.C.; Taus, N.S.; Capelli-Peixoto, J.; Suarez, C.E.; Mousel, M.R.; Ueti, M.W.
Differential expression of calcium-dependent protein kinase 4, tubulin tyrosine ligase, and methyltransferase by xanthurenic acid-induced Babesia bovis sexual stages
Parasit. Vectors
14
395
2021
Babesia bovis
brenda
EXTERNAL LINKS (specific for EC-Number 6.3.2.25)
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