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1,N6-etheno NAD+ + H2O
epsilon-ADP-ribose + nicotinamide + H+
-
-
-
-
?
2-fluoro-NAD+ + H2O
2-fluoro-ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
in presence of methanol, formation of methanolysis product beta-1''-O-methyl 2-fluoro-ADP-ribose, with a preference for methanolysis over hydrolysis of 100:1
-
-
?
3-acetylpyridine + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide + H2O
?
3-acetylpyridine hypoxanthine dinucleotide + H2O
?
3-aminopyridine + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
3-carboxyhydrazide adenine dinucleotide + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
3-formylpyridine adenine dinucleotide + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
3-methylpyridine + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
3-pyridylacetonitrile + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
3-pyridylcarbinol + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
alpha-NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
beta-NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
beta-NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide + H+
-
-
-
-
?
beta-nicotine guanine dinucleotide + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
epsilon-NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
methylnicotinate adenine dinucleotide + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
adenosine + nicotinamide
-
solubilized enzyme form sNADase, unusual cleavage reaction, no hydrolysis of the labile quarternary nicotinamide-ribose pyridinium linkage
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide + H+
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
NAD+ + H2O
cADPribose + nicotinamide
NADP+ + H2O
phospho-ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
NADP+ + H2O
phospho-ADPribose + nicotinamide
nicotinamide ethenoadenine dinucleotide + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
nicotinamide guanine dinucleotide + H2O
3',5'-cyclic GDP-ribose + GDP-ribose
-
-
-
-
?
nicotinamide guanine dinucleotide + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide + H2O
?
nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
NMN + H2O
phosphoribose + nicotinamide
pyridine + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
pyridine-3-aldehyde adenine dinucleotide + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
pyridine-3-aldehyde hypoxanthine dinucleotide + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
thioNADP+ + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
1,N6-etheno-NAD+ + H2O

?
-
-
-
?
1,N6-etheno-NAD+ + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide + H2O

?
-
-
-
-
?
3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
3-acetylpyridine hypoxanthine dinucleotide + H2O

?
-
-
-
-
?
3-acetylpyridine hypoxanthine dinucleotide + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
3-acetylpyridine hypoxanthine dinucleotide + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
beta-NAD+ + H2O

ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
beta-NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O

ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O

ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
ADP-ribose reacts further with polyarginine, polyhistidine, or polylysine
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
ADP-ribose reacts spontaneously with polyarginine, polyhistidine, or polylysine
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
CD38 is a multifunctional enzyme involved in the degradation of beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. the beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/CD38 system may provide new mechanisms in autonomic neurovascular control
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
purified bifunctional enzyme has a ADP-ribosyl cyclase/NAD glycohydrolase ratio of 1/120. In situ cyclase/NAD glycohydrolase ratio measured in seminal plasma is 1/1. Physiological concentrations of zinc present in the seminal fluid, in the range of 0.6 to 4 mM, are responsible for the modulation of the cyclase/NAD glycohydrolase ratio
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
substrate binding structure, overview. Catalytically important CD38 residue Thr221 disfavors the cyclizing folding of the substrate, resulting in NADase being the dominant activity
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
low activity in CD38-deficient cell membranes at all developmental stages
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
enzyme contributes to the pathogenicity of group A streptococci, after it is transported into the cytoplasm and membranes of host endothelial cells, by modulation of host cell signalling pathways to inhibit group A streptococci internalization, leading to apoptosis of keratinocytes
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
enzyme contributes to the pathogenicity of group A streptococci, after it is transported into the cytoplasm and membranes of host endothelial cells, by modulation of host cell signalling pathways to inhibit group A streptococci internalization, leading to apoptosis of keratinocytes
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O

ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
ir
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
137055, 137060, 137063, 137065, 137067, 137068, 137070, 137076, 137077, 137079, 137088, 137089, 137091, 137093, 137095, 137096 -
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
ir
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
ir
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
ir
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
ir
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
ir
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
ir
NAD+ + H2O

cADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
cADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NADP+ + H2O

phospho-ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
?
NADP+ + H2O
phospho-ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
?
NADP+ + H2O
phospho-ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
?
NADP+ + H2O
phospho-ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
?
NADP+ + H2O

phospho-ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NADP+ + H2O
phospho-ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
ir
NADP+ + H2O
phospho-ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NADP+ + H2O
phospho-ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NADP+ + H2O
phospho-ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NADP+ + H2O
phospho-ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NADP+ + H2O
phospho-ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NADP+ + H2O
phospho-ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NADP+ + H2O
phospho-ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NADP+ + H2O
phospho-ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NADP+ + H2O
phospho-ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NADP+ + H2O
phospho-ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NADP+ + H2O
phospho-ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NADP+ + H2O
phospho-ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NADP+ + H2O
phospho-ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide + H2O

?
-
-
-
-
?
nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
NMN + H2O

phosphoribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NMN + H2O
phosphoribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
thioNAD+ + H2O

?
-
-
-
-
?
thioNAD+ + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
thioNAD+ + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
additional information

?
-
-
Phe174 in ADP-ribosyl cyclase, ADPRC, is a critical residue in directing the folding of the substrate during the cyclization reaction. Thus, a point mutation of Phe174 to glycine can turn ADPRC from a cyclase toward an NADase, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
substrate binding structure of wild-type and mutant enzymes, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
NADP is not cleaved by chromatin NADase
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
alcoholysis of NAD to form O-alkyl-ADP-ribosides, ADP-ribosylation of imidazole derivates
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
multifunctional AA-NADase is not only able to cleave the CeN glycosyl bond of NAD to produce ADPR and nicotinamide, but also able to cleave the phosphoanhydride linkages of ATP, ADP and AMP-PNP to yield AMP, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
ATP and ADP are also hydrolyzed by AA-NADase to form ADP and AMP, respectively, theAA-NADase-catalyzed cleavage reaction of NAD is markedly inhibited in the presence of ATP and ADP, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the multifunctional AA-NADase also shows ADPase activity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the multifunctional AA-NADase also shows ADPase activity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
bifunctional enzyme ADP-ribose cyclase/NAD glycohydrolase, enzyme activities are regulated by zinc, enzyme is capable of both synthesis and hydrolysis of cADP-ribose
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
bifunctional enzyme ADP-ribose cyclase/NAD glycohydrolase, enzyme is capable of both synthesis and hydrolysis of cADP-ribose
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme plays a crucial role in neutrophil diapedesis. Its ligation with specific monoclonal antibodies both on neutrophils or endothelial cells results in altered neutrophil movement on the apical surface of endothelium and, ultimately, in loss of diapedesis. Following CD157 ligation, neutrophils appear disoriented, meandering toward junctions where they eventually stop without transmigrating
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity shows identical properties and is inseparable, thus the enzyme is bifunctional one
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
CD38 controls ADP-ribosyltransferase-2-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of T cell surface proteins
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
CD38 rather than poly-ADP-ribose polymerase PARP-1, is an important source of ADP-ribose in mouse neutrophils and dendritic cells that use ADP-ribose as a secong messenger. ADP-ribose controls calcium influx and chemotaxis when cells are activated through chemokine receptors that rely on CD38 and cyclic ADP-ribose for activity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme-mediated inhibition of osteoclastogenesis is related to its NADase activity, not its ADPribosyl cyclase activity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no substrate: cyclic ADP-ribose
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
nicotinamide and ADP-ribose are the only detectable products, no cyclization is found, i.e. no reaction of EC 3.2.2.6
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
nicotinamide and ADP-ribose are the only detectable products, no cyclization is found, i.e. no reaction of EC 3.2.2.6
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is involved in regulation of mitogen-stimulated T-cell proliferation by inhibition via NAD+ and ADP-ribose, not nicotinamide
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
NADP is not cleaved by chromatin NADase
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
streptolysin and NAD+ -glycohydrolase interact functionally as a compound signaling toxin. When Streptococcus pyogenes is bound to the surface of epithelial cells in vitro, streptolysin forms pores in the cell membrane and delivers NADase to the epithelial cell cytoplasm. In vitro, intoxication of keratinocytes with NADase is associated with cytotoxic effects and induction of apoptosis. NADase and streptolysin together enhance Streptococcus pyogenes virulence in vivo
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the capacity of NADase to enhance streptolysin O-mediated cytotoxicity is not due to a direct effect on pore formation but rather due to depletion of cellular NAD+ and ATP
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
SPN is specific for beta-NAD+ glycohydrolase activity, and does not show ADP-ribosyl cyclase and ADP-ribosyltransferase activities, overview. SPN is unable to catalyze cyclic ADPR hydrolysis, and cannot catalyze methanolysis or transglycosidation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
lack of ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of the enzyme
-
-
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
NAD+ + H2O
cADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
NAD+ + H2O

ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O

ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
CD38 is a multifunctional enzyme involved in the degradation of beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. the beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/CD38 system may provide new mechanisms in autonomic neurovascular control
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
purified bifunctional enzyme has a ADP-ribosyl cyclase/NAD glycohydrolase ratio of 1/120. In situ cyclase/NAD glycohydrolase ratio measured in seminal plasma is 1/1. Physiological concentrations of zinc present in the seminal fluid, in the range of 0.6 to 4 mM, are responsible for the modulation of the cyclase/NAD glycohydrolase ratio
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
enzyme contributes to the pathogenicity of group A streptococci, after it is transported into the cytoplasm and membranes of host endothelial cells, by modulation of host cell signalling pathways to inhibit group A streptococci internalization, leading to apoptosis of keratinocytes
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
-
enzyme contributes to the pathogenicity of group A streptococci, after it is transported into the cytoplasm and membranes of host endothelial cells, by modulation of host cell signalling pathways to inhibit group A streptococci internalization, leading to apoptosis of keratinocytes
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O

ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
ir
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
137055, 137060, 137063, 137065, 137067, 137068, 137070, 137076, 137077, 137079, 137088, 137089, 137091, 137093, 137095, 137096 -
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
ir
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
ir
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
ir
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
ir
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
ir
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADPribose + nicotinamide
-
-
-
-
ir
additional information

?
-
-
Phe174 in ADP-ribosyl cyclase, ADPRC, is a critical residue in directing the folding of the substrate during the cyclization reaction. Thus, a point mutation of Phe174 to glycine can turn ADPRC from a cyclase toward an NADase, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
multifunctional AA-NADase is not only able to cleave the CeN glycosyl bond of NAD to produce ADPR and nicotinamide, but also able to cleave the phosphoanhydride linkages of ATP, ADP and AMP-PNP to yield AMP, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
bifunctional enzyme ADP-ribose cyclase/NAD glycohydrolase, enzyme activities are regulated by zinc, enzyme is capable of both synthesis and hydrolysis of cADP-ribose
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme plays a crucial role in neutrophil diapedesis. Its ligation with specific monoclonal antibodies both on neutrophils or endothelial cells results in altered neutrophil movement on the apical surface of endothelium and, ultimately, in loss of diapedesis. Following CD157 ligation, neutrophils appear disoriented, meandering toward junctions where they eventually stop without transmigrating
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
CD38 controls ADP-ribosyltransferase-2-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of T cell surface proteins
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
CD38 rather than poly-ADP-ribose polymerase PARP-1, is an important source of ADP-ribose in mouse neutrophils and dendritic cells that use ADP-ribose as a secong messenger. ADP-ribose controls calcium influx and chemotaxis when cells are activated through chemokine receptors that rely on CD38 and cyclic ADP-ribose for activity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme-mediated inhibition of osteoclastogenesis is related to its NADase activity, not its ADPribosyl cyclase activity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is involved in regulation of mitogen-stimulated T-cell proliferation by inhibition via NAD+ and ADP-ribose, not nicotinamide
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
streptolysin and NAD+ -glycohydrolase interact functionally as a compound signaling toxin. When Streptococcus pyogenes is bound to the surface of epithelial cells in vitro, streptolysin forms pores in the cell membrane and delivers NADase to the epithelial cell cytoplasm. In vitro, intoxication of keratinocytes with NADase is associated with cytotoxic effects and induction of apoptosis. NADase and streptolysin together enhance Streptococcus pyogenes virulence in vivo
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the capacity of NADase to enhance streptolysin O-mediated cytotoxicity is not due to a direct effect on pore formation but rather due to depletion of cellular NAD+ and ATP
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
SPN is specific for beta-NAD+ glycohydrolase activity, and does not show ADP-ribosyl cyclase and ADP-ribosyltransferase activities, overview. SPN is unable to catalyze cyclic ADPR hydrolysis, and cannot catalyze methanolysis or transglycosidation
-
-
?
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Zinc
-
purified bifunctional enzyme has a ADP-ribosyl cyclase/NAD glycohydrolase ratio of 1/120. In situ cyclase/NAD glycohydrolase ratio measured in seminal plasma is 1/1. Physiological concentrations of zinc present in the seminal fluid, in the range of 0.6 to 4 mM, are responsible for the modulation of the cyclase/NAD glycohydrolase ratio
Co2+

-
AA-NADase has one strong and two weak Co2+ binding sites
Co2+
-
the enzyme has one strong and two weak Co2+ binding sites
Cu2+

-
-
Cu2+
-
although Cu2+ ions are important for catalyzing the hydrolysis of NAD, they are also able to inhibit its NADase activity in a concentration-dependent manner, Cu2+ ions in low-affinity binding sites inhibit its NADase activity. AA-NADase has two classes of Cu2+ binding sites, one activator site with high affinity and approximately six inhibitor sites with low affinity. Cu2+ ions function as a switch for its NADase activity.
Cu2+
-
among all identified NADases, only AA-NADase contains Cu2+ and has six disulfide-bond linkages between two peptide chains
Cu2+
-
among all identified NADases, only AA-NADase contains Cu2+ and has six disulfide-bond linkages between two peptide chains. The binding of Cu2þ ions to AA-NADase is reversible, overview
Cu2+
-
the enzyme contains Cu2+ ions that are essential for its multicatalytic activity. The enzyme has two classes of Cu2+ binding sites, one activator site with high affinity and approximately six inhibitor sites with low affinity. Both NADase and ADPase activities of the enzyme do not have an absolute requirement for Cu2+ and may be replaced by Zn2+ > Mn2+ > Cu2+/Co2+ > Ni2+
Mn2+

-
AA-NADase has one Mn2+ binding site
Mn2+
-
the enzyme has one Mn2+ binding site
Ni2+

-
AA-NADase has two strong and six weak Ni2+ binding sites
Ni2+
-
the enzyme has two strong and six weak Ni2+ binding sites
Zn2+

-
bivalent cations for example Zn2+, not Mg2+
Zn2+
-
AA-NADase has one Zn2+ binding site
Zn2+
-
apo-AA-NADase can recover its NADase and ADPase activities in the presence of 1 mM Zn2+, which is inhibited by tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine
Zn2+
-
the enzyme has one Zn2+ binding site
Zn2+
-
stimulates the cyclase activity, inhibits the NAD glycohydrolase activity, zinc has a regulatory function at physiological concentrations of 0.6-4 mM, responsible for modulation of the ADP-ribose cyclase/NAD glycohydrolase activity ratio of the bifunctional enzyme in zinc-rich seminal plasma to 1:3 in situ, with the purified enzyme in absence of zinc the ratio is 1:110-120, in presence of Zn2+ it is 1:2-3, mechanism
additional information

-
no absolute requirement for metal ions, metal ion binding affinities in descending order: Cu2+ , Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+, and Zn2+. Enzyme-metal ion interaction analysis by equilibrium dialysis, isothermal titration calorimetry, fluorescence, circular dichroism, dynamic light scattering and HPLC, overview
additional information
-
not affected by Cu2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+
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2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabinoside adenine dinucleotide
-
-
2-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodo-benzoic acid
-
-
2-Hydroxy-5-iodo-benzoic acid
-
-
4-Carboxyhydrazide-pyridine-adenine dinucleotide
-
-
8-azidoadenosyl-carba-NAD+
-
-
8-azidoadenosyl-pseudocarba-NAD+
-
-
adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate
ADP-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-arabinose)
the NAD analogue forms a covalent adduct after nicotinamide cleavage, resulting in inhibition of the enzyme activity, binding structure, overview
ADP-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-ribose)
the NAD analogue forms a covalent adduct after nicotinamide cleavage, resulting in inhibition of the enzyme activity, binding structure, overview
ADP-ribosylated protein
-
-
-
Alpha-NAD+
-
5 mM, 70% inhibition
b-series gangliosides
-
-
-
beta-NAD+
-
substrate inhibition, mediated by ADP-ribosylation, partially reversible by arginine or histidine, inhibits apoptosis in vivo
Cu2+
-
the enzyme has two classes of Cu2+ binding sites, one activator site with high affinity and approximately six inhibitor sites with low affinity
deamino-NAD+
-
5 mM, almost complete inhibition
dioxane
-
more than 0.05 mM inhibit the activity
dithiothreitol
-
inhibits both NADase and ADPase activities through the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) and the cleavage of disulfide-bonds in AA-NADase
GD1a
-
exogenous ganglioside, slight inhibition, inhibition in vivo
GD1b
-
exogenous ganglioside, inhibition in vivo
GD3
-
exogenous ganglioside, inhibition in vivo
glutathione
-
inhibits both NADase and ADPase activities through the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) and the cleavage of disulfide-bonds in AA-NADase
GM1b
-
exogenous ganglioside, slight inhibition, inhibition in vivo
GT1b
-
exogenous ganglioside, inhibition in vivo, needs to be incorporated into the cell to inhibit CD38, preferably cis interaction, i.e. CD38 and GT1b are located on the same cell, the tandem sialic acid residues linked to the internal galactose of the gangliotetraose core are crucial to the inhibition
hydroxylamine
inhibits the reaction between ADP-ribose and polypeptides
L-ascorbate
-
inhibits AA-NADase on both NADase and ADPase activities through the reduction of Cu(II) in AA-NADase to Cu(I)
m-aminophenylboronic acid
-
-
monoclonal antibody CS/2
-
inhibits the NAD+ glycohydolase activity of both the isolated extracellular domain of CD38 and cell-surface CD38, non-competitive. No effect on cyclase activity of enzyme
-
N1-cyclic inosine diphosphate ribose
-
NADP+
-
5 mM, almost complete inhibition
NMN
-
5 mM, 70% inhibition
Streptococcal NAD glycohydrolase inhibitor
the ifs gene, or SpyM3_0129, encodes an endogenous competitive inhibitor for the enzyme. IFS is localized intracellularly and forms a complex with the enzyme. This intracellular complex must be dissociated during export through the cell envelope. The interface between SPNct and IFS is highly rich in water molecules, binding structure, overview
-
streptococcal NADase inhibitor
-
161 amino acids, MW 18800 Da, thermostable. Monomeric NADase and the streptococcal NADase inhibitor rapidly form in vitro a stable heterodimer complex in the ratio 1.1, resulting in complete suppression of the hydrolase activity. The inhibitor protein, coexpressed and complexed with NADase, may protect the producer cocci from exhausion of NAD
-
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine
-
TCEP, inhibits both NADase and ADPase activities through the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) and the cleavage of disulfide-bonds in AA-NADase
3-acetylpyridine

-
-
adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate

-
-
adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate
-
not the soluble form
ADP

-
-
ADP-ribose

-
product inhibition
ADP-ribose
-
product inhibition
ADPribose

-
-
AMP

-
-
ATP

-
competitive
cyanidin

-
-
cyanidin
complete inhibition of the wild-type enzyme at 0.1 mM
DTT

-
-
EDTA

-
detergent solubilized NADase, not the steapsin treated enzyme
EDTA
-
irreversible inhibition
EDTA
-
inhibits the cyclase activity
isoniazid

-
-
NaCl

-
-
NaCl
-
0.5 M or more, 65% loss in activity, irreversible, DNA associated NADase
nicotinamide

-
-
nicotinamide
-
0.33 mM, 50% inhibition
nicotinamide
-
50 mM, 33% inhibition
nicotinic acid

-
-
nicotinic acid
-
slight inhibition, in vivo
protein IFS

-
an endogenous inhibitor, encoded by gene ifs
-
protein IFS
-
an endogenous NADase inhibitor, encoded by gene ifs, and localized in the cytoplasm. The NADase precursor exists as an inactive complex with IFS
-
pseudocarba-NAD+

-
-
thioNAD+

-
-
thioNAD+
-
5 mM, almost complete inhibition
Zn2+

-
stimulates the cyclase activity, inhibits the NAD glycohydrolase activity, zinc has a regulatory function at physiological concentrations of 0.6-4 mM, responsible for modulation of the ADP-ribose cyclase/NAD glycohydrolase activity ratio of the bifunctional enzyme in zinc-rich seminal plasma to 1:3 in situ, with the purified enzyme in absence of zinc the ratio is 1:110-120, in presence of Zn2+ it is 1:2-3, mechanism
Zn2+
-
about 80% inhibition at 1 mM
additional information

-
nicotinylhydroxamic acid derivates of NAD+
-
additional information
-
N1-alkylnicotinamide chlorides, n-alkylphosphates, aliphatic carboxylic acids, other pyridine bases other than nicotinamide, certain pyridine dinucleotides
-
additional information
-
N1-alkylnicotinamide chlorides, n-alkylphosphates, aliphatic carboxylic acids, other pyridine bases other than nicotinamide, certain pyridine dinucleotides
-
additional information
-
variety of pyridine bases, pyridine nucleotides
-
additional information
-
structure of the inhibiting gangliosides, overview
-
additional information
-
nuclear membrane NADase is insensitiv to 1 M NaCl
-
additional information
-
aliphatic amines and carboxylic acids are noncompetitive inhibitors
-
additional information
-
phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C removes the GPI-anchored enzyme from the T-cell surface, not the non-GPI-anchored activity like with ART2- T-cells
-
additional information
-
not inhibited by rac-catechin, piceatannol, trans-resveratrol, praziquantel, cucurmin, chloroquine, mefloquine, Cibacron Blue 3GA, PJ-34, and 1,8-naphthalimide
-
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0.0023
cyanidin
Schistosoma mansoni
-
at 37ưC in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.05% (w/v) emulphogen
0.006
delphinidin
Schistosoma mansoni
-
at 37ưC in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.05% (w/v) emulphogen
0.0099
diosmetinidin
Schistosoma mansoni
-
at 37ưC in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.05% (w/v) emulphogen
2.48
DTT
Deinagkistrodon acutus
-
pH 7.4, 37ưC, inhibition of the NADase activity
0.0064
fisetinidin
Schistosoma mansoni
-
at 37ưC in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.05% (w/v) emulphogen
6.11
glutathione
Deinagkistrodon acutus
-
pH 7.4, 37ưC, inhibition of the NADase activity
0.0082
kuromanin
Schistosoma mansoni
-
at 37ưC in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.05% (w/v) emulphogen
1.79
L-ascorbate
Deinagkistrodon acutus
-
pH 7.4, 37ưC, inhibition of the NADase activity
0.0084
luteolin
Schistosoma mansoni
-
at 37ưC in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.05% (w/v) emulphogen
0.0059
luteolinidin
Schistosoma mansoni
-
at 37ưC in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.05% (w/v) emulphogen
0.008
malvidin
Schistosoma mansoni
-
at 37ưC in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.05% (w/v) emulphogen
0.022
myricetin
Schistosoma mansoni
-
at 37ưC in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.05% (w/v) emulphogen
0.26
N1-cyclic inosine diphosphate ribose
Homo sapiens
pH 4.5, 20-24ưC
0.0044
pelargonidin
Schistosoma mansoni
-
at 37ưC in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.05% (w/v) emulphogen
0.0056
peonidin
Schistosoma mansoni
-
at 37ưC in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.05% (w/v) emulphogen
0.0378
petunidin
Schistosoma mansoni
-
at 37ưC in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.05% (w/v) emulphogen
0.0013
quercetagetin
Schistosoma mansoni
-
at 37ưC in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.05% (w/v) emulphogen
0.0061
quercetagetinidin
Schistosoma mansoni
-
at 37ưC in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.05% (w/v) emulphogen
0.0039
quercetin
Schistosoma mansoni
-
at 37ưC in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.05% (w/v) emulphogen
0.0195
rac-taxifolin
Schistosoma mansoni
-
at 37ưC in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.05% (w/v) emulphogen
0.0058
robinetin
Schistosoma mansoni
-
at 37ưC in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.05% (w/v) emulphogen
0.42
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine
Deinagkistrodon acutus
-
pH 7.4, 37ưC, inhibition of the NADase activity
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evolution

-
the enzyme is evolving and has diverged into NAD+ glycohydrolase-inactive variants that correlate with tissue tropism. Of a total 454 amino acids, the activity-deficient variants differ at only nine highly conserved positions
evolution
the enzyme shows significant structural and functional analogy to the members of the CD38/ADP-ribosyl cyclase family but a lack of ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity that might be ascribed to subtle changes in its active site. In sharp contrast with mammalian CD38, the signature Glu124 is as critical as Glu202 for catalysis by the parasite enzyme. Sequence comparisons
evolution
-
the enzyme is evolving and has diverged into NAD+ glycohydrolase-inactive variants that correlate with tissue tropism. Of a total 454 amino acids, the activity-deficient variants differ at only nine highly conserved positions
-
malfunction

-
the enzyme represents one major virulent exoprotein in the streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, overview
malfunction
-
shRNA-mediated knockdown of the NADase in bone marrow cells results in a reduction of erythroid colony formation and an increase in NAD level, and treatment of the bone marrow cells with NAD, nicotinamide, or nicotinamide riboside, which induce an increase in NAD content, results in a significant decrease in erythroid progenitors
malfunction
-
shRNA-mediated knockdown of the NADase in bone marrow cells results in a reduction of erythroid colony formation and an increase in NAD level, and treatment of the bone marrow cells with NAD, nicotinamide, or nicotinamide riboside, which induce an increase in NAD content, results in a significant decrease in erythroid progenitors
-
physiological function

CD38 has multiple activities, i.e. in cyclic ADP-ribose, cADPR, production and degradation, as well as NAD hydrolysis as NADase
physiological function
-
NADase is important for the virulence of Streptococcus pyogenes in vivo, is important in severe invasive diseases, and is the potential target to suppress the virulence
physiological function
-
SPN is a virulence factor that is implicated in contributing to the pathogenesis of severe infections, e.g. of the throat, leading to pharyngitis, or the skin, leading to impetigo. NADase activity does not correlate with invasive disease, but is associated with tissue tropism. The ability to cause infection at both the pharynx and the skin is correlated with NADase-active SPN, while the preference for causing infection at either the throat or the skin is associated with NADase-inactive SPN
physiological function
-
expression of toxin streptolysin O is associated with prolonged intracellular survival of the bacterium in human oropharyngeal keratinocytes, the predominant cell type of the pharyngeal epithelium, co-toxin NADase is required for this effect. Production of streptolysin S can mediate targeting of GAS to autophagosomes in the absence of streptolysin O, a process accompanied by galectin 8 binding to damaged Streptococcus pyogenes-containing endosomes. Maturation of Streptococcus pyogenes-containing autophagosome-like vacuoles to degradative autolysosomes is prevented by streptolysin O pore-formation and by streptolysin O-mediated translocation of enzymatically active NADase into the keratinocyte cytosol. Coordinated action of streptolysin O and NADase prevent maturation of GAS-containing autophagosomes, thereby prolonging Streptococcus pyogenes intracellular survival, overview. The activity of NADase to block autophagic killing of Streptococcus pyogenes in pharyngeal cells may contribute to pharyngitis treatment failure, relapse, and chronic carriage caused by the pathogen
physiological function
-
high enzyme levels in serum are associated with a poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer
physiological function
the enzyme is one of the virulence factors produced by Streptococcus pyogenes, which injects the enzyme into the cytosol of an infected host cell using the cytolysin-mediated translocation pathway. For the export of the enzyme through the cell envelope, the intracellular complex with inhibitor IFN must be dissociated
physiological function
-
the enzyme is secreted from the bacterial cell and translocated into the host cell cytosol where it contributes to cell death
physiological function
-
the enzyme may play a critical role in regulating erythropoiesis of hematopoietic stem cells by modulating intracellular NAD+
physiological function
-
a natural NADase variant lacking catalytic activity induces necrosis in HeLa epithelial cells associated with depolarization of mitochondrial membranes, activation of NF-kappaB, and the generation of reactive oxygen species. RNAi silencing of mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily JNK protects cells from NADase- SPN-mediated necrosis. SPN acts with streptolysin O to elicit necrosis through two different mechanisms depending on its NADase activity, i.e., metabolic (NADasex02) or programmed (NADase-), leading to distinct inflammatory profiles
physiological function
anthrax toxin-mediated delivery of NADase in an amount comparable to that observed during in vitro infection with live group A Streptococcus rescues the defective intracellular survival of NADase-deficient group A Streptococcus and increases the survival of streptolysin-deficient group A Streptococcus
physiological function
-
CagL from Shi470 is catalytically active showing ADP-ribosyltransferase, NAD-glycohydrolase, and auto-ADP-ribosylation activities
physiological function
expression of NADase, either enzymatically active or inactive, augments streptolysin SLO-mediated toxicity for keratinocytes. In culture supernatants, SLO and NADase are mutually interdependent for protein stability. Presence of SLO protects NADase from proteolytic cleavage of its translocation domain. The two proteins interact in solution with 1:1 stoichiometry and both the translocation domain and catalytic domain of NADase are required for maximal binding between the two toxins
physiological function
integral membrane toxin Tse6 acts on target cells by depleting cells of the related cofactors NAD+ and NADP+, thereby simultaneously inhibiting anabolic and catabolic processes required for homeostasis and growth. Tse6 requires interaction with translation elongation factor Tu for delivery into recipient cells
physiological function
isogenic mutants lacking NADase SPN, streptolysin SLO, and both toxins are equally impaired in ability to cause necrotizing myositis in mouse models. Mutants lacking either SPN or SLO are significantly attenuated in the bacteremia and soft tissue infection models, and the mutant strain lacking production of both toxins is further attenuated. The mutant strain lacking both SPN and SLO production is severely attenuated in ability to resist killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. None of the isogenic mutant strains has a growth defect when cultured in Todd-Hewitt broth supplemented with 0.2% yeast extract
physiological function
-
SPN modifies several streptolysin SLO and NAD+-dependent host cell responses in patterns that correlate with NADase activity. SLO pore formation results in hyperactivation of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and production of polymers of poly-ADP-ribose (PAR). SPN NADase activity moderates PARP-1 activation and blocks accumulation of PAR, these processes continued unabated in the presence of NADase-inactive SPN. PAR production is initially independent of NADase activity, but PAR rapidly disappears in the presence of NADase-active SPN, host cell ATP is depleted and the proinflammatory mediator High-Mobility Group Box-1 (HMGB1) protein is released from the nucleus by a PARP-1 dependent mechanism
physiological function
strains MA49 and A20 have higher activities of NADase and intracellular multiplication than strain M1 in human endothelial cells. NADase activity is required for the intracellular growth of group A Streptococcus in endothelial cells. Intracellular levels of NAD+ and the NAD+/NADH ratio of MA49-infected HMEC-1 cells are both lower than in cells infected by the mutant lacking NADase activity. Only Nga mutant vacuoles are highly colocalized with acidified lysosomes. Intracellular multiplication of the Nga mutant is increased by bafilomycin A1 treatment
physiological function
strains MA49 and A20 have higher activities of NADase and intracellular multiplication than strain M1 in human endothelial cells. NADase causes intracellular NAD+ imbalance and impairs acidification of autophagosomes to escape autophagocytic killing and enhance multiplication of group A Streptococci in endothelial cells
physiological function
-
SPN modifies several streptolysin SLO and NAD+-dependent host cell responses in patterns that correlate with NADase activity. SLO pore formation results in hyperactivation of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and production of polymers of poly-ADP-ribose (PAR). SPN NADase activity moderates PARP-1 activation and blocks accumulation of PAR, these processes continued unabated in the presence of NADase-inactive SPN. PAR production is initially independent of NADase activity, but PAR rapidly disappears in the presence of NADase-active SPN, host cell ATP is depleted and the proinflammatory mediator High-Mobility Group Box-1 (HMGB1) protein is released from the nucleus by a PARP-1 dependent mechanism
-
physiological function
-
a natural NADase variant lacking catalytic activity induces necrosis in HeLa epithelial cells associated with depolarization of mitochondrial membranes, activation of NF-kappaB, and the generation of reactive oxygen species. RNAi silencing of mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily JNK protects cells from NADase- SPN-mediated necrosis. SPN acts with streptolysin O to elicit necrosis through two different mechanisms depending on its NADase activity, i.e., metabolic (NADasex02) or programmed (NADase-), leading to distinct inflammatory profiles
-
physiological function
-
the enzyme is secreted from the bacterial cell and translocated into the host cell cytosol where it contributes to cell death
-
physiological function
-
CagL from Shi470 is catalytically active showing ADP-ribosyltransferase, NAD-glycohydrolase, and auto-ADP-ribosylation activities
-
physiological function
-
integral membrane toxin Tse6 acts on target cells by depleting cells of the related cofactors NAD+ and NADP+, thereby simultaneously inhibiting anabolic and catabolic processes required for homeostasis and growth. Tse6 requires interaction with translation elongation factor Tu for delivery into recipient cells
-
physiological function
-
strains MA49 and A20 have higher activities of NADase and intracellular multiplication than strain M1 in human endothelial cells. NADase activity is required for the intracellular growth of group A Streptococcus in endothelial cells. Intracellular levels of NAD+ and the NAD+/NADH ratio of MA49-infected HMEC-1 cells are both lower than in cells infected by the mutant lacking NADase activity. Only Nga mutant vacuoles are highly colocalized with acidified lysosomes. Intracellular multiplication of the Nga mutant is increased by bafilomycin A1 treatment
-
physiological function
-
the enzyme may play a critical role in regulating erythropoiesis of hematopoietic stem cells by modulating intracellular NAD+
-
additional information

-
models of molecular evolution shows that SPN is evolving under positive selection and diverging into NAD+ glycohydrolase-active and -inactive subtypes
additional information
-
structural determinants for the functional evolution from a cyclase to a hydrolase, overview
additional information
structural determinants for the functional evolution from a cyclase to a hydrolase, overview
additional information
-
structural determinants for the functional evolution from a cyclase to a hydrolase, overview
additional information
-
the Gram-positive pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes injects a beta-NAD+-glycohydrolase into the cytosol of an infected host cell using the cytolysin-mediated translocation pathway, where SPN accelerates the death of the host cell
additional information
-
no one single residue can account for the inability of the deficient variants to cleave the glycosidic bond of beta-NAD+ into nicotinamide and ADP-ribose. Reciprocal changes at 3 specific residues are required to both abolish activity of the proficient version and restore full activity to the deficient variant
additional information
-
the catalytic glutamine 218 of NADase is a crucial residue for NADase activity
additional information
three dimensional homology modeling of the enzyme, very important role of Glu202 and of the hydrophobic domains overwhelmingly in the efficiency of the nicotinamide-ribosyl bond cleavage step. The nicotinamide-ribosyl bond is cleaved upon the first step of catalysis and is surrounded by three hydrophobic side chains Leu123, Tyr172 and Phe102
additional information
-
three dimensional homology modeling of the enzyme, very important role of Glu202 and of the hydrophobic domains overwhelmingly in the efficiency of the nicotinamide-ribosyl bond cleavage step. The nicotinamide-ribosyl bond is cleaved upon the first step of catalysis and is surrounded by three hydrophobic side chains Leu123, Tyr172 and Phe102
additional information
-
no one single residue can account for the inability of the deficient variants to cleave the glycosidic bond of beta-NAD+ into nicotinamide and ADP-ribose. Reciprocal changes at 3 specific residues are required to both abolish activity of the proficient version and restore full activity to the deficient variant
-
additional information
-
the catalytic glutamine 218 of NADase is a crucial residue for NADase activity
-
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