1.17.3.2: xanthine oxidase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about xanthine oxidase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 1.17.3.2
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1.17.3.2
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allopurinol
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uric
-
dismutase
-
catalase
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sod
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xx
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endothelial
-
malondialdehyde
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hyperuricemia
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reperfusion
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gout
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ischemia
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purine
-
artery
-
karyotype
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turner
-
myocardial
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gsh
-
pulmonary
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myeloperoxidase
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ischemia-reperfusion
-
gonad
-
hermaphrodite
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oxypurinol
-
thiobarbituric
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urate
-
spin
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tbars
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chemiluminescence
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dysgenesis
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molybdenum
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gsh-px
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sex-determining
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caffeine
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x-chromosome
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oxygen-derived
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tungsten
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acid-reactive
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masculinization
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fenton
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sex-reversed
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hypouricemic
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monosomy
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feminization
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drug development
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diagnostics
-
urate-lowering
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synthesis
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self-fertilizing
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biotechnology
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medicine
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radical-generating
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cyp2a6
-
oxidase-derived
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pharmacology
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nondisjunction
- 1.17.3.2
- allopurinol
-
uric
- dismutase
- catalase
- sod
- xx
- endothelial
- malondialdehyde
-
hyperuricemia
-
reperfusion
- gout
- ischemia
- purine
- artery
- karyotype
-
turner
- myocardial
- gsh
- pulmonary
- myeloperoxidase
-
ischemia-reperfusion
- gonad
-
hermaphrodite
- oxypurinol
-
thiobarbituric
- urate
-
spin
-
tbars
-
chemiluminescence
- dysgenesis
- molybdenum
- gsh-px
-
sex-determining
- caffeine
-
x-chromosome
-
oxygen-derived
- tungsten
-
acid-reactive
-
masculinization
-
fenton
-
sex-reversed
-
hypouricemic
-
monosomy
-
feminization
- drug development
- diagnostics
-
urate-lowering
- synthesis
-
self-fertilizing
- biotechnology
- medicine
-
radical-generating
- cyp2a6
-
oxidase-derived
- pharmacology
-
nondisjunction
Reaction
Synonyms
AXOR, EC 1.1.3.22, EC 1.2.3.2, EC 1.2.3.2., hypoxanthine oxidase, hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase, hypoxanthine:oxygen oxidoreductase, More, oxidase, xanthine, Schardinger enzyme, xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase, xanthine oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase, xanthine: oxygen oxidoreductase, xanthine:O2 oxidoreductase, xanthine:oxygen oxidoreductase, xanthine:xanthine oxidase, XnOx, XO, XOD, XOR
ECTree
1.17.3.2 xanthine oxidaseAdvanced search results
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results (Natural Substrates Products
Natural Substrates Products on EC 1.17.3.2 - xanthine oxidase
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE 
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
nitrate + NADH
nitrite + NAD+ + H2O
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reaction can be an important source of NO production in ischemic tissues
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-
?
nitrite + NADH
NO + NAD+ + H2O
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reaction can be an important source of NO production in ischemic tissues
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-
?
organic nitrate + NADH
organic nitrite + NAD+ + H2O
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organic nitrite is the initial product in the process of xanthine oxidase mediated organic nitrate biotransformation and is the precursor of NO and nitrosothiols, serving as the link between organic nitrate and soluble guanylyl cyclase
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-
?
6-mercaptopurine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
6-thiouric acid + 2 H2O2
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an anticancer prodrug, no activation by xanthine oxidase but conversion to the inactive metabolite 6-thiouric acid, catabolism, overview
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-
?
carboxylic aldehyde + H2O + O2
carboxylic acid + H2O2
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enzyme is implicated in the control of various redox reactions in the cell, in milk: assures absorption of iron from the gut, coupling antibacterial effect via the lactoperoxidase system
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?
carboxylic aldehyde + H2O + O2
carboxylic acid + H2O2
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enzyme is implicated in the control of various redox reactions in the cell, in milk: assures absorption of iron from the gut, coupling antibacterial effect via the lactoperoxidase system
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-
?
carboxylic aldehyde + H2O + O2
carboxylic acid + H2O2
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enzyme is implicated in the control of various redox reactions in the cell, in milk: assures absorption of iron from the gut, coupling antibacterial effect via the lactoperoxidase system
-
?
carboxylic aldehyde + H2O + O2
carboxylic acid + H2O2
-
enzyme is implicated in the control of various redox reactions in the cell, in milk: assures absorption of iron from the gut, coupling antibacterial effect via the lactoperoxidase system
-
-
?
carboxylic aldehyde + H2O + O2
carboxylic acid + H2O2
-
enzyme is implicated in the control of various redox reactions in the cell, in milk: assures absorption of iron from the gut, coupling antibacterial effect via the lactoperoxidase system
-
-
?
carboxylic aldehyde + H2O + O2
carboxylic acid + H2O2
-
enzyme is implicated in the control of various redox reactions in the cell, in milk: assures absorption of iron from the gut, coupling antibacterial effect via the lactoperoxidase system
-
-
?
carboxylic aldehyde + H2O + O2
carboxylic acid + H2O2
-
enzyme is implicated in the control of various redox reactions in the cell, in milk: assures absorption of iron from the gut, coupling antibacterial effect via the lactoperoxidase system
-
-
?
carboxylic aldehyde + H2O + O2
carboxylic acid + H2O2
-
enzyme is implicated in the control of various redox reactions in the cell, in milk: assures absorption of iron from the gut, coupling antibacterial effect via the lactoperoxidase system
-
-
?
carboxylic aldehyde + H2O + O2
carboxylic acid + H2O2
-
enzyme is implicated in the control of various redox reactions in the cell, in milk: assures absorption of iron from the gut, coupling antibacterial effect via the lactoperoxidase system
-
-
?
carboxylic aldehyde + H2O + O2
carboxylic acid + H2O2
-
enzyme is implicated in the control of various redox reactions in the cell, in milk: assures absorption of iron from the gut, coupling antibacterial effect via the lactoperoxidase system
-
?
carboxylic aldehyde + H2O + O2
carboxylic acid + H2O2
-
enzyme is implicated in the control of various redox reactions in the cell, in milk: assures absorption of iron from the gut, coupling antibacterial effect via the lactoperoxidase system
-
-
?
carboxylic aldehyde + H2O + O2
carboxylic acid + H2O2
-
enzyme is implicated in the control of various redox reactions in the cell, in milk: assures absorption of iron from the gut, coupling antibacterial effect via the lactoperoxidase system
-
-
?
carboxylic aldehyde + H2O + O2
carboxylic acid + H2O2
-
enzyme is implicated in the control of various redox reactions in the cell, in milk: assures absorption of iron from the gut, coupling antibacterial effect via the lactoperoxidase system
-
-
?
carboxylic aldehyde + H2O + O2
carboxylic acid + H2O2
-
enzyme is implicated in the control of various redox reactions in the cell, in milk: assures absorption of iron from the gut, coupling antibacterial effect via the lactoperoxidase system
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
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production of superoxide radicals
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-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
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-
-
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
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-
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
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catalytically relevant binding mode of the substrate xanthine, overview
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-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
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the enzyme is involved in development of ischemia and equine laminitis, overview
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-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
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the enzyme plays a role in the development of distant organ dysfunction after abdominal surgery, overview
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-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
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old persons show higher enzyme expression and activity than young persons which promotes a worse prognosis for patients with chronic heart failure due to the increased contents of risk factor urate, overview
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-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
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production of reactive oxygen species via superoxide radicals involved in endothelial dysfunction
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?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
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production of superoxide radicals
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?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
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roles of active site residues E308 and R881 in binding and activation of purine substrate, overview
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-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
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the enzyme plays a role in the development of distant organ dysfunction after abdominal surgery, overview
-
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
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urate is involved in development of endothelial dysfunction, overview
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-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
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xanthine oxidase-derived extracellular superoxide anions stimulate activator protein 1 activity and hypertrophy in vascular smooth muscle via c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, xanthine and xanthine oxidase treatment of smooth muscle cells lead to increased cell growth and size, overview
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-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
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xanthine oxidase inhibition, meaning a decrease in myocardial oxidative stress, improves left ventricular dysfunction in dilated cardiomyopathic hamsters, modelling, overview
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-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
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production of superoxide radicals
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-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
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production of superoxide radicals, treatment with an enzyme inhibitor largely prevents the development of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in mice
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-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
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the enzyme plays a role in the development of distant organ dysfunction after abdominal surgery, overview
-
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
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xanthine oxidoreductase, XOR, can exist in a dehydrogenase form, XD, and an oxidase form, XO. Part of total XOR activity in peroxisomes is XO activity. The major function of XOR activity in the cytoplasm of rat liver parenchymal cells and in sinusoidal cells is not the production of O2 radicals, but rather the production of uric acid which can act as a potent antioxidant
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-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
-
old animals show higher enzyme expression and activity than young rats which promotes a worse prognosis for patients with chronic heart failure due to the increased contents of risk factor urate, overview
-
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
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production of superoxide radicals can be induced by gama-irradiation and contributes to oxidative stress and endothelial nitroredox imbalance with resultant endothelial dysfunction and altered vascular mechanics, mechanism and regulation, overview
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-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
the enzyme is involved in regulation of reactive oxygen species in the functional response of veins and arteries to angiotensin II, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine
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-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
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the enzyme plays a role in the development of distant organ dysfunction after abdominal surgery, overview
-
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
-
urate is involved in development of endothelial dysfunction, overview
-
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
-
xanthine oxidase inhibition by febuxostat lowers uric acid and alleviates systemic and glomerular hypertension in hyperuricaemia, experimentally-induced by inhibition of uricase with oxonic acid, overview
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-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
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xanthine oxidase is an important source of reactive oxygen species that contributes to neurovascular dysfunction in experimental diabetes, overview
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-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
catalytically relevant binding mode of the substrate xanthine, overview
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-
?
xanthine + O2 + H2O
urate + H2O2
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xanthine oxidoreductase exists in two forms. The protein normally exists as xanthine dehydrogenase, XDH, EC 1.17.1.4, and utilizes NAD+ as its final electron acceptor in catalysis. Under certain conditions, most notably schemia and/or hypoxia, XDH can be converted to an oxidase form, XO, which can no longer reduce NAD+ and instead utilizes O2 exclusively as the terminal electron acceptor in the course of turnover. This conversion may occur either by oxidation of sulfhydryl groups and/or by limited proteolysis
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-
?
additional information
?
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XDH, EC 1.17.1.4, can be converted into xanthine oxidase, XO, either reversibly by oxidation of the sulfhydryl groups of two conserved cysteine residues. Under physiological conditions the XDH form appears to dominate with 80% over the XO form with 20%
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-
?
additional information
?
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XDH, EC 1.17.1.4, can be converted into xanthine oxidoreductase, XO, either reversibly by oxidation of the sulfhydryl groups of two conserved cysteine residues. Under physiological conditions the XDH form appears to dominate with 80% over the XO form with 20%
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?
additional information
?
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during inflammatory conditions, reversible oxidation of critical cysteine residues or limited proteolysis converts xanthine dehydrogenase, XDH, EC 1.17.1.4, to xanthine oxidase, XO, which reduces O2 to superoxide and H2O2. Conversion to XO, however, is not requisite for reactive oxygen species production, as XDH displays partial oxidase activity. Xanthine oxidoreductase generates proinflammatory oxidants and secondary nitrating species, with inhibition of XOR proving beneficial in a variety of disorders
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?
additional information
?
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xanthine oxidase inhibition in small intestine ischemia-reperfusion injury leads to reduction in neutrophil infiltration
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?
additional information
?
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enzyme inhibitors exert beneficial effect on endothelial dysfunction, mechanisms, overview, mechanism of action in cardiovascular disease, overview
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?
additional information
?
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phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and xanthine oxidase regulate nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species productions by apoptotic lymphocyte microparticles in endothelial cells, overview
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?
additional information
?
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the enzyme activity, but not oxidative damage parameters, at the time of sepsis diagnosis is significantly higher in non-survival septic patients than in survival patients, overview
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?
additional information
?
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the enzyme and its superoxide producing activity are involved in endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis, overview
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?
additional information
?
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the enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of endogenous and exogenous purines and pyrimidines
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?
additional information
?
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the enzyme is induced by heat shock, the reactive oxygen species produced by heat shock may play an important role in the heat shock-induced activation of MAPKs, which can induce MMP-1 and-9 expressions, overview
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?
additional information
?
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the enzyme interacts with the Toll-like receptor-4, TLR-4, inducing proinflammatory cytokine production, extracellular superoxide production by the enzyme leads to nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB and increased neutrophil production of the NFkappaB-dependent cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and macrophage inhibitory protein-2 mediated by TLR-4, overview
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-
?
additional information
?
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the enzyme is capable to generate superoxide radicals and H2O2 derived from it, the synthesis of the radicals is increased upon a temperature shift from 30°C to 45°C and by photosensitization of tumor cells with a hematoporphyrin derivative, overview
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?
additional information
?
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the enzyme, together with mitochondrial complex III, is responsible for reactive oygen species production in ischemic muscle, they act in tissue damage after ischemic-reperfusion, regulation, overview
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?
additional information
?
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xanthine oxidase inhibition in small intestine ischemia-reperfusion injury leads to prevention of intestine necrosis
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?
additional information
?
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chronic enzyme inhibition by allopurinol or febuxostat cannot prevent or treat the progression of congestive heart failure induced by coronary artery ligation in rabbits, overview
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?
additional information
?
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xanthine oxidase is necessary during the physiological involution of tissues
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?
additional information
?
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-
enzyme inhibitors exert beneficial effect on endothelial dysfunction, mechanisms, overview, mechanism of action in cardiovascular disease, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
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-
xanthine oxidase inhibition in small intestine ischemia-reperfusion injury leads to reduction in villar necrosis, reduced intestinal MPO levels, reduced circulating neutrophil priming and reduction in pulmonary damage, prevention of permeability changes in intestinal mucosa, reduction in length of necrotic small bowel by 60%, reduction in intestinal apoptosis and tissue MDA levels; reduction in plasma MDA levels and improvement in renal function, and improved small intestine anastomotic healing and animal survival, overview
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?
additional information
?
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xanthine oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species contribute to the development of D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in rats, overview
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?
additional information
?
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enzyme inhibition by orange juice and hesperetin participates in preventing oxidative stress by enhancing total antioxidant capacity and decreasing lipid peroxidation, overview
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