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Information on EC 3.2.1.108 - lactase and Organism(s) Rattus norvegicus and UniProt Accession Q02401
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3.2.1.108 lactaseIUBMB Comments
The enzyme from intestinal mucosa contains two glycosyl hydrolase domains, both of which belong to glycosyl hydrolase family 1 (GH1). While the first domain catalyses the activity described here, the second domain catalyses the reaction of EC 3.2.1.62 glycosylceramidase. cf. EC 3.2.1.33 amylo-alpha-1,6-glucosidase.
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Word Map
- 3.2.1.108
- sucrase
- milk
- maltase
- intolerance
- disaccharidase
-
brush
- border
- mucosal
- jejunal
- gastrointestinal
- malabsorption
- breath
- children
-
dairy
-
wean
- villus
-
diarrhea
- enterocytes
- infant
- bowel
- ileum
- hypolactasia
-
suckling
-
crypt
- duodenal
- aminopeptidase
-
piglets
- trehalase
-
brush-border
-
non-persistence
- sucrase-isomaltase
-
maldigestion
-
adult-type
-
yogurt
- glucoamylase
-
3.2.1.23
- isomaltase
- lactulose
-
bloating
-
small-intestinal
- microvillus
-
coeliac
-
flatulence
-
archaeological
- maltase-glucoamylase
- medicine
-
crypt-villus
- pharmacology
- food industry
- cellobiase
-
carbohydrases
-
formula-fed
-
pastor
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Rattus norvegicus
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
Synonyms
lactase, intestinal lactase, lactase/phlorizin hydrolase, lactase phlorizin-hydrolase, lactase-phlorizin hydrolase lph, 
more
topSYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
lactase-phlorizin hydrolase
lactase/phlorizin hydrolase
-
-
-
-
LCT
-
-
-
-
LPH
lactase-phlorizin hydrolase
-
-
-
-
LPH
-
-
-
-
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
hydrolysis of O-glycosyl bond
hydrolysis of O-glycosyl bond
-
-
-
-
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
lactose galactohydrolase (configuration-retaining)
The enzyme from intestinal mucosa contains two glycosyl hydrolase domains, both of which belong to glycosyl hydrolase family 1 (GH1). While the first domain catalyses the activity described here, the second domain catalyses the reaction of EC 3.2.1.62 glycosylceramidase. cf. EC 3.2.1.33 amylo-alpha-1,6-glucosidase.
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9031-11-2
-
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
2-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-xylose + H2O
D-galactose + D-xylose
-
-
-
-
?
3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-xylose + H2O
D-galactose + D-xylose
-
-
-
-
?
4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-xylose + H2O
D-galactose + D-xylose
-
-
-
-
?
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-fucopyranoside + H2O
?
-
37°C, 1 hour, full-length lactase, mature lactase, cytosolic form of mature lactase
-
-
?
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside + H2O
?
-
37°C, 1 hour, only cytosolic form of mature lactase
-
-
?
daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside + H2O
daidzein + beta-D-glucose
-
-
-
-
?
fluorescein-di-beta-D-galactopyranoside + H2O
?
-
only cytosolic form of mature lactase
-
-
?
baohuoside I + H2O
? + D-glucose
-
from Yinyanghuo (Herba Epimdii, YYH) is a popular Traditional Chinese Medicine tonic for kidney-reinforcing from Epimedium koreanum Nakai herb extract
-
-
?
epimedin A + H2O
? + D-glucose
-
from Yinyanghuo (Herba Epimdii, YYH) is a popular Traditional Chinese Medicine tonic for kidney-reinforcing from Epimedium koreanum Nakai herb extract
-
-
?
epimedin B + H2O
? + D-glucose
-
from Yinyanghuo (Herba Epimdii, YYH) is a popular Traditional Chinese Medicine tonic for kidney-reinforcing from Epimedium koreanum Nakai herb extract
-
-
?
epimedin C + H2O
? + D-glucose
-
from Yinyanghuo (Herba Epimdii, YYH) is a popular Traditional Chinese Medicine tonic for kidney-reinforcing from Epimedium koreanum Nakai herb extract
-
-
?
icariin + H2O
? + D-glucose
-
from Yinyanghuo (Herba Epimdii, YYH) is a popular Traditional Chinese Medicine tonic for kidney-reinforcing from Epimedium koreanum Nakai herb extract
-
-
?
lactose + H2O
D-galactose + D-glucose
-
-
-
-
?
lactose + H2O
D-galactose + D-glucose
-
in rats grown under iron deficiency lactase-phlorizin hydrolase activity was 56.8% lower compared to control rats
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
total lactase activity increases to reach maximal levels around weaning, and remains high subsequently, enzyme activity appears to be regulated during development predominantly by transcription mechanism, while alterations during lactation, and along the proximal to distal gradient, are the result of other control mechanism
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
absorption of quercetin-3-glucoside requires hydrolysis by the enzyme, absorption of quercetin-4-glucoside requires both an interaction with sodium-dependent glucose transporter and hydrolysis by the enzyme
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme plays a major role in metabolism of glycosylated phytochemicals
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme has two distinct catalytic active sites, one for the hydrolysis of lactose and flavonoid glucosides and another, phlorizin hydrolase, for the hydrolysis of phlorizin and glucosylceramides
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
activity by the isolated intestinal enzyme on flavonoid glucosides in descending order: icariin, epimedin A, epimedin C, epimedin B, amd baohuoside I, mass spectrometric product analysis, detailed overview
-
-
?
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
baohuoside I + H2O
? + D-glucose
-
from Yinyanghuo (Herba Epimdii, YYH) is a popular Traditional Chinese Medicine tonic for kidney-reinforcing from Epimedium koreanum Nakai herb extract
-
-
?
epimedin A + H2O
? + D-glucose
-
from Yinyanghuo (Herba Epimdii, YYH) is a popular Traditional Chinese Medicine tonic for kidney-reinforcing from Epimedium koreanum Nakai herb extract
-
-
?
epimedin B + H2O
? + D-glucose
-
from Yinyanghuo (Herba Epimdii, YYH) is a popular Traditional Chinese Medicine tonic for kidney-reinforcing from Epimedium koreanum Nakai herb extract
-
-
?
epimedin C + H2O
? + D-glucose
-
from Yinyanghuo (Herba Epimdii, YYH) is a popular Traditional Chinese Medicine tonic for kidney-reinforcing from Epimedium koreanum Nakai herb extract
-
-
?
icariin + H2O
? + D-glucose
-
from Yinyanghuo (Herba Epimdii, YYH) is a popular Traditional Chinese Medicine tonic for kidney-reinforcing from Epimedium koreanum Nakai herb extract
-
-
?
lactose + H2O
D-galactose + D-glucose
-
-
-
-
?
lactose + H2O
D-galactose + D-glucose
-
in rats grown under iron deficiency lactase-phlorizin hydrolase activity was 56.8% lower compared to control rats
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
total lactase activity increases to reach maximal levels around weaning, and remains high subsequently, enzyme activity appears to be regulated during development predominantly by transcription mechanism, while alterations during lactation, and along the proximal to distal gradient, are the result of other control mechanism
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
absorption of quercetin-3-glucoside requires hydrolysis by the enzyme, absorption of quercetin-4-glucoside requires both an interaction with sodium-dependent glucose transporter and hydrolysis by the enzyme
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme plays a major role in metabolism of glycosylated phytochemicals
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme has two distinct catalytic active sites, one for the hydrolysis of lactose and flavonoid glucosides and another, phlorizin hydrolase, for the hydrolysis of phlorizin and glucosylceramides
-
-
?
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
D-glucal
-
40% inhibition for 4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-xylose and 75% inhibition for 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-xylose at 100 mM D-glucal, no increase of inhibition above 100 mM D-glucal
epigallocatechin-3-gallate
-
inhibition by epigallocatechin-3-gallate of lactase is alleviated about 1.7fold by proline-rich proteins
thyroxine
-
administration of thyroxine to 8-day-old pups shows a decline in lactase activity
ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
cortisone
-
administration of cortisone to 8-day-old pups augments lactase activity
KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
22.2
2-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-xylose
-
100 mM sodium maleate buffer, pH 6.0, 25°C
8.5
3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-xylose
-
100 mM sodium maleate buffer, pH 6.0, 25°C
58.8
4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-xylose
-
100 mM sodium maleate buffer, pH 6.0, 25°C
IC50 VALUE [mM]
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.074
epigallocatechin-3-gallate
Rattus norvegicus
-
in the absence of proline-rich protein fraction, in 1.5 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), at 37°C
0.126
epigallocatechin-3-gallate
Rattus norvegicus
-
in the presence of proline-rich protein fraction, in 1.5 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), at 37°C
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
0.0033
-
rats are force-fed a low-strach diet, with thyroid hormone treatment
0.0067
-
rats are fed a low-starch diet, starved for 3 days, and thyroid hormones are injected daily after the diet
0.0083
0.17
-
administration of thyroxine to 8-day-old pups, activity in suckling rat intestine
0.29
-
administration of insuline to 8-day-old pups, activity in suckling rat intestine
0.36
-
administration of cortisone to 8-day-old pups, activity in suckling rat intestine
additional information
0.0083
-
rats are force-fed a low-strach diet, without thyroid hormone treatment
0.0083
-
rats are force-fed a sucrose diet, without thyroid hormone treatment
additional information
-
1.46 U/g intestinal tissue, soluble lactase, after treatment of rats with cortisone
additional information
-
10.96 U/g intestinal tissue, membrane bound lactase, after treatment of rats with cortisone
additional information
-
12.31 U/g intestinal tissue, homogenate, after treatment of rats with cortisone
additional information
-
2.44 U/g intestinal tissue, soluble lactase, after treatment of rats with thyroxine
additional information
-
4.82 U/g intestinal tissue, membrane bound lactase, after treatment of rats with thyroxine
additional information
-
7.10 U/g intestinal tissue, homogenate, after treatment of rats with thyroxine
additional information
-
7.38 U/g intestinal tissue, membrane bound lactase
pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
enzyme activity appears to be regulated during development predominantly by transcription mechanism, while alterations during lactation, and along the proximal to distal gradient, are the result of other control mechanism
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
full-length lactase form, mature lactase form with domain III and IV
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
metabolism
metabolism
-
metabolism of ginsenosides in the intestinal flora of rats, mass spectrometric product analysis, detailed overview
metabolism
-
the enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of prenylated flavonoids (icariin, epimedin A, epimdin B, epimedin C, and baohuoside I) of Yinyanghuo (Herba epimdii)
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). LPH_RAT
1928
1
217268
Swiss-Prot
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 1)
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
220000
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
up
thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones synergistically enhance expression of the LPH gene in CDX-2/HNF-1alphaa co-transfected IEC-6 cells
pH STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
5.5
-
30% loss of activity after 0.5 min, 55% loss of activity after 120 min
288794
TEMPERATURE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
46
-
35 min, about 50% loss of phlorizin hydrolase activity. About 70% loss of lactase activity after 25 min
STORAGE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
higher lactase activity and expression of LPH gene in jejunum of rat fed the high-carbohydrate/low-fat (HCT) diet compared with those fed a lowcarbohydrate/high-fat (LCT) diet is regulated at the transcription levels (nuclear run-on assay). In vitro binding of Cdx-2 to CE-LPH1 gene sequence as well as to SIF1 gene sequence is greater in rats fed a HCT diet than those fed a LCT diet
-
APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
medicine
medicine
-
absorption of quercetin-3-glucoside requires hydrolysis by the enzyme, absorption of quercetin-4-glucoside requires both an interaction with sodium-dependent glucose transporter and hydrolysis by the enzyme
medicine
-
enzyme plays a major role in metabolism of glycosilated phytochemicals
medicine
-
the use of new substrates for the measurement of lactase activity provides a new method for the noninvasive diagnosis of hypolactasia
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Schlegel-Haueter, S.; Hore, P.; Kerry, K.R.; Semenza, G.
The preparation of lactase and glucoamylase of rat small intestine
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
258
506-519
1972
Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus
Bueller, H.A.; Kothe, M.J.C.; Goldman, D.A.; Grubman, S.A.; Sasak, W.V.; Matsudaira, P.T.; Montgomery, R.K.; Grand, R.J.
Coordinate expression of lactate-phlorizin hydrolase mRNA and enzyme levels in rat intestine during development
J. Biol. Chem.
265
6978-6953
1990
Rattus norvegicus
Day, A.J.; Gee, J.M.; DuPont, M.S.; Johnson, I.T.; Williamson, G.
Absorption of quercetin-3-glucoside and quercetin-4'-glucoside in the rat small intestine: the role of lactase phlorizin hydrolase and the sodium-dependent glucose transporter
Biochem. Pharmacol.
65
1199-1206
2003
Rattus norvegicus
Wilkinson, A.P.; Gee, J.M.; Dupont, M.S.; Needs, P.W.; Mellon, F.A.; Williamson, G.; Johnson, I.T.
Hydrolysis by lactase phlorizin hydrolase is the first step in the uptake of daidzein glucosides by rat small intestine in vitro
Xenobiotica
33
255-264
2003
Rattus norvegicus
West, A.R.; Oates, P.S.
Decreased sucrase and lactase activity in iron deficiency is accompanied by reduced gene expression and upregulation of the transcriptional repressor PDX-1
Am. J. Physiol. Gastronintest. Liver Physiol.
289
G1108-G1114
2005
Rattus norvegicus
Hermida, C.; Corrales, G.; Martinez-Costa, O.H.; Fernandez-Mayoralas, A.; Aragon, J.J.
Noninvasive evaluation of intestinal lactase with 4-galactosylxylose: comparison with 3- and 2-galactosylxylose and optimization of the method in rats
Clin. Chem.
52
270-277
2006
Rattus norvegicus
Kuranuki, S.; Mochizuki, K.; Goda, T.
Dietary sucrose enhances intestinal lactase gene expression in euthyroid rats
J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol.
52
347-351
2006
Rattus norvegicus
Hermida, C.; Corrales, G.; Canada, F.J.; Aragon, J.J.; Fernandez-Mayoralas, A.
Optimizing the enzymatic synthesis of beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-xyloses for their use in the evaluation of lactase activity in vivo
Bioorg. Med. Chem.
15
4836-4840
2007
Rattus norvegicus
Chaudhry, K.K.; Mahmood, S.; Mahmood, A.
Hormone induced expression of brush border lactase in suckling rat intestine
Mol. Cell. Biochem.
312
11-16
2008
Rattus norvegicus
Fabre, J.W.; Salehi, S.; Eckley, L.; Sawyer, G.J.; Zhang, X.; Dong, X.; Freund, J.N.
Intestinal lactase as an autologous beta-galactosidase reporter gene for in vivo gene expression studies
Hum. Gene Ther.
20
21-30
2008
Escherichia coli, Rattus norvegicus
Tanaka, T.; Suzuki, A.; Kuranuki, S.; Mochizuki, K.; Suruga, K.; Takase, S.; Goda, T.
Higher expression of jejunal LPH gene in rats fed the high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet compared with those fed the low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet is associated with in vitro binding of Cdx-2 in nuclear proteins to its promoter regions
Life Sci.
83
122-127
2008
Rattus norvegicus
Chaudhry, K.K.; Mahmood, S.; Mahmood, A.
Hormone induced changes in lactase glycosylation in developing rat intestine
Mol. Cell. Biochem.
318
183-190
2008
Rattus norvegicus
Naz, S.; Siddiqi, R.; Dew, T.P.; Williamson, G.
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits lactase but is alleviated by salivary proline-rich proteins
J. Agric. Food Chem.
59
2734-2738
2011
Rattus norvegicus
Zhou, J.; Chen, Y.; Wang, Y.; Gao, X.; Qu, D.; Liu, C.
A comparative study on the metabolism of Epimedium koreanum nakai-prenylated flavonoids in rats by an intestinal enzyme (lactase phlorizin hydrolase) and intestinal flora
Molecules
19
177-203
2014
Rattus norvegicus
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