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Information on EC 3.2.2.6 - ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase
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3.2.2.6 ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolaseIUBMB Comments
This multiunctional enzyme acts on NAD+, catalysing both the synthesis and hydrolysis of cyclic ADP-ribose, a calcium messenger that can mobilize intracellular Ca2+ stores and activate Ca2+ influx to regulate a wide range of physiological processes. In addition, the enzyme also catalyses EC 2.4.99.20, 2'-phospho-ADP-ribosyl cyclase/2'-phospho-cyclic-ADP-ribose transferase. It is also able to act on beta-nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide. cf. EC 3.2.2.5, NAD+ glycohydrolase.
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Word Map
- 3.2.2.6
-
cadpr
-
ryanodine
- aplysia
- inositol
-
naadp
-
ectoenzyme
-
ca2+-mobilizing
- californica
- gdp-ribose
- nadase
- beta-nad+
-
urchin
- diphosphoribose
-
calcium-mobilizing
-
8-br-cadpr
- oxytocin
-
ca2+-releasing
-
anti-cd38
-
trisphosphate
-
8-bromo-cadpr
-
ca2+-induced
- nad+-glycohydrolase
- ngd+
-
ryanodine-sensitive
-
cd38-deficient
-
cadpr-mediated
-
cadpr-induced
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria, Archaea
Reaction Schemes
+
=
+
+
Synonyms
adp-ribosyl cyclase, adpr cyclase, nad(p)ase, nad(p)-glycohydrolase, bcd38, adp-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic adp-ribose hydrolase, nad(p)+ glycohydrolase, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
CD38
NAD(P) nucleosidase
NAD(P)+ glycohydrolase
-
-
-
-
NAD(P)-glycohydrolase
-
-
-
-
NAD(P)ase
-
-
-
-
NADase
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) glycohydrolase
-
-
-
-
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) nucleosidase
-
-
-
-
nucleosidase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)
-
-
-
-
triphosphopyridine nucleotidase
-
-
-
-
CD38
-
-
-
-
NAD(P) nucleosidase
-
-
-
-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
cyclic ADP-ribose + H2O = ADP-D-ribose
(1b)
-
-
-
NAD+ = cyclic ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
(1a)
-
-
-
NAD+ + H2O = ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide + H+
also catalyses transfer of ADP-ribose(P) residues
-
NAD+ + H2O = ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide + H+
reaction mechanism, overview
NAD+ + H2O = ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide + H+
(overall reaction)
-
-
-
NAD+ + H2O = ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide + H+
structure-function analysis and reaction mechanism, overview. The nicotinamide-ribosyl bond of NAD+ is cleaved via a dissociative process with a late transition state, leading to a ribooxocarbenium ion reaction intermediate stabilized by the side-chain of invariant Glu218. This rate-determining step is followed by two nucleophilic reactions in competition: (i) an intermolecular pathway involving a rapid trapping from the b-face of this intermediate by a water molecule (NAD+ glycohydrolase activity) or by competing neutral nucleophiles such as pyridines (transglycosidation reactions) or alcohols (e.g., methanolysis), and (ii) an intramolecular reaction between N1 of the adenine ring and C19 (anomeric carbon) of the oxocarbenium ion leading to the formation of cyclic ADP-ribose (ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity). This latter reaction represents a kinetically minor step relative to solvolysis
NAD+ + H2O = ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide + H+
substrate binding with a crucial role of Glu218, which orients the substrate for cleavage by interacting with the N-ribosyl 2'-OH group of NAD+, stepwise ordered uni-bi kinetic mechanism, overview. Residues Trp118, Glu138, Asp147, Trp181 stabilize the ribooxocarbenium ion-like transition state mostly by electrostatic interactions
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
hydrolysis of N-glycosyl bond
-
-
-
-
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
NAD+ glycohydrolase (cyclic ADP-ribose-forming)
This multiunctional enzyme acts on NAD+, catalysing both the synthesis and hydrolysis of cyclic ADP-ribose, a calcium messenger that can mobilize intracellular Ca2+ stores and activate Ca2+ influx to regulate a wide range of physiological processes. In addition, the enzyme also catalyses EC 2.4.99.20, 2'-phospho-ADP-ribosyl cyclase/2'-phospho-cyclic-ADP-ribose transferase. It is also able to act on beta-nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide. cf. EC 3.2.2.5, NAD+ glycohydrolase.
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9025-46-1
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
3-acetylpyridine + adenosine diphosphoribose
3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide + phosphate
-
transglycosylation activity, very poor hydrolytic activity with this substrate
-
-
?
cyclic ADP-ribose + H2O
adenosine diphosphoribose + ?
-
i.e. ADPR activity
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
cyclic ADP-ribose + nicotinamide + H+
-
the cyclization and hydrolysis of NAD(P)+ occur optimally at physiological pH
-
-
?
NADP+ + H2O
ADP-ribose-P + nicotinamide
-
80% activity compared to the activity with NAD+
-
-
?
NADP+ + nicotinic acid
nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate
-
this reaction occurs only in acidic pH
-
-
?
nicotinamide 1,N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide + H2O
?
-
i.e. epsilonNAD+, used for a fluorometric assay
-
-
?
3-pyridinealdehyde hypoxanthine dinucleotide + H2O
?
-
60% activity compared to the activity with NAD+
-
-
?
beta-NAD+ + H2O
?
-
beta-NAD+ and NADP+ are hydrolyzed at equal rates
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
bovine CD38/NAD+ glycohydrolase catalyzes the hydrolysis of NAD+ to nicotinamide and ADP-ribose and the formation of cyclic ADP-ribose via a stepwise reaction mechanism
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
via a stepwise reaction mechanism
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
overall reaction
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
via a stepwise reaction mechanism
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of NAD+ into nicotinamide and ADP-ribose and the formation of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR)
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of NAD+ into nicotinamide and ADP-ribose and the formation of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR)
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
selectivity in favor of methanolysis by wild-type enzyme and mutant E138A. 1'-Azido ADP-ribose is the reaction product obtained in the presence of azide. the ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity of wild-type bCD38 isminimal
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
selectivity in favor of methanolysis by wild-type enzyme and mutant E138A. 1'-Azido ADP-ribose is the reaction product obtained in the presence of azide. the ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity of wild-type bCD38 isminimal
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the formation of an enzyme-ADP-ribosyl intermediary complex is common to all reaction pathways
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is involved in the regulation of intracellular concentration of adenosine diphosphoribose
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is multicatalytic, it also catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic ADP-ribose from NAD+ and the hydrolysis to adenosine diphosphoribose
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
CD38 is a multifunctional enzyme catalyzing the conversion of NAD(P)+ to three metabolites (cyclic ADP-ribose, nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate and ADP-ribose)
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
CD38 is a NAD+-dependent, multifunctional ectoenzyme that cannot only generate cyclic ADP-ribose from NAD+ but also hydrolyze cyclic ADP-ribose to ADP-ribose and transport cyclic ADP-ribose into cells
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme may be induced by presence of protein in the culture medium. Low concentrations of sucrose or glucose, 0.1%, casamino acids or some amino acids such as Met, Cys, Phe and Trp strongly repress enzyme synthesis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
synthesis of nicotinate adenine dinucleotide phosphate by exchange of nicotinamide for nicotinic acid
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
frog CD38 enzyme shows NAD+ glycohydrolase, ADP-ribosyl cyclase, and cyclic ADP-ribosyl hydrolase activities
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
frog CD38 enzyme shows NAD+ glycohydrolase, ADP-ribosyl cyclase, and cyclic ADP-ribosyl hydrolase activities
-
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
bovine CD38/NAD+ glycohydrolase catalyzes the hydrolysis of NAD+ to nicotinamide and ADP-ribose and the formation of cyclic ADP-ribose via a stepwise reaction mechanism
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
overall reaction
-
-
?
NAD+ + H2O
ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide
via a stepwise reaction mechanism
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of NAD+ into nicotinamide and ADP-ribose and the formation of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR)
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of NAD+ into nicotinamide and ADP-ribose and the formation of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR)
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is involved in the regulation of intracellular concentration of adenosine diphosphoribose
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
CD38 is a NAD+-dependent, multifunctional ectoenzyme that cannot only generate cyclic ADP-ribose from NAD+ but also hydrolyze cyclic ADP-ribose to ADP-ribose and transport cyclic ADP-ribose into cells
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme may be induced by presence of protein in the culture medium. Low concentrations of sucrose or glucose, 0.1%, casamino acids or some amino acids such as Met, Cys, Phe and Trp strongly repress enzyme synthesis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
frog CD38 enzyme shows NAD+ glycohydrolase, ADP-ribosyl cyclase, and cyclic ADP-ribosyl hydrolase activities
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
frog CD38 enzyme shows NAD+ glycohydrolase, ADP-ribosyl cyclase, and cyclic ADP-ribosyl hydrolase activities
-
-
?
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Ag+
Ag+
-
50% inhibition of NADase and 300% activation of adenosine diphosphate cyclase
Ag+
-
at 2 mM 50% inhibition of NADase activity and 300% activation of ADPR activity
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
1-[5-O-[(benzyloxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-L-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-3-carbamoylpyridinium
1-[5-O-[butoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]-3-carbamoylpyridinium
2'-deoxy-2'-beta-D-fluororibofuranoside NAD+
non-covalent complex of the inhibitor formed with enzyme mutant E218Q, PDB ID: 3ghh, and with wild-type enzyme, PDB ID: 3kou
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-2-fluoro-5-O-[(hexyloxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-2-fluoro-5-O-[hydroxy(2-phenylethoxy)phosphoryl]-L-erythro-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-5-O-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-2-fluoro-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-5-O-[(ethenyloxy)(propoxy)phosphoryl]-2-fluoro-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
Ag+
-
50% inhibition of NADase and 300% activation of adenosine diphosphate cyclase; at 2 mM 50% inhibition of NADase activity and 300% activation of cADPR activity
arabinosyl 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxy-NAD
-
suicide substrate that inhibits CD38 ectoenzyme activity
Pb2+
-
complete inhibition at 2 mM; inhibition of NADase and adenosine diphosphate cyclase
Sn2+
-
complete inhibition at 2 mM; inhibition of NADase and adenosine diphosphate cyclase
1-[2-azido-2-deoxy-5-O-phosphono-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]-3-carbamoylpyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
1-[2-azido-2-deoxy-5-O-phosphono-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]-3-carbamoylpyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
1-[2-azido-2-deoxy-5-O-phosphono-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]-3-carbamoylpyridinium
-
inhibition of the NADase activity
1-[5-O-[(benzyloxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-L-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-3-carbamoylpyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
1-[5-O-[(benzyloxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-L-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-3-carbamoylpyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
1-[5-O-[(benzyloxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-L-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-3-carbamoylpyridinium
-
inhibition of the NADase activity
1-[5-O-[butoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]-3-carbamoylpyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
1-[5-O-[butoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]-3-carbamoylpyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
1-[5-O-[butoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]-3-carbamoylpyridinium
-
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-chloro-2-deoxy-5-O-phosphono-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-chloro-2-deoxy-5-O-phosphono-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-chloro-2-deoxy-5-O-phosphono-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
-
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-2-fluoro-5-O-phosphono-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-2-fluoro-5-O-phosphono-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-2-fluoro-5-O-phosphono-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
-
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-2-fluoro-5-O-phosphono-L-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-2-fluoro-5-O-phosphono-L-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-2-fluoro-5-O-phosphono-L-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
-
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-2-fluoro-5-O-thiophosphono-L-erythro-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-2-fluoro-5-O-thiophosphono-L-erythro-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-2-fluoro-5-O-thiophosphono-L-erythro-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
-
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-2-fluoro-5-O-[(hexyloxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-2-fluoro-5-O-[(hexyloxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-2-fluoro-5-O-[(hexyloxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
-
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-2-fluoro-5-O-[hydroxy(2-phenylethoxy)phosphoryl]-L-erythro-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-2-fluoro-5-O-[hydroxy(2-phenylethoxy)phosphoryl]-L-erythro-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-2-fluoro-5-O-[hydroxy(2-phenylethoxy)phosphoryl]-L-erythro-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
-
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
-
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-5-O-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-2-fluoro-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-5-O-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-2-fluoro-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-5-O-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-2-fluoro-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
-
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-5-O-[(ethenyloxy)(propoxy)phosphoryl]-2-fluoro-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-5-O-[(ethenyloxy)(propoxy)phosphoryl]-2-fluoro-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[2-deoxy-5-O-[(ethenyloxy)(propoxy)phosphoryl]-2-fluoro-D-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
-
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[3-deoxy-3-fluoro-5-O-phosphono-L-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[3-deoxy-3-fluoro-5-O-phosphono-L-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
inhibition of the NADase activity
3-carbamoyl-1-[3-deoxy-3-fluoro-5-O-phosphono-L-threo-pentofuranosyl]pyridinium
-
inhibition of the NADase activity
arabinosyl-2'-fluoro-2'-deoxynicotinamide mononucleotide
inhibition of the NADase activity
arabinosyl-2'-fluoro-2'-deoxynicotinamide mononucleotide
inhibition of the NADase activity
arabinosyl-2'-fluoro-2'-deoxynicotinamide mononucleotide
-
inhibition of the NADase activity
Hg2+
-
complete inhibition at 2 mM; inhibition of NADase and adenosine diphosphate cyclase
additional information
-
not inhibited by rac-taxifolin, rac-catechin, piceatannol, and trans-resveratrol
-
additional information
-
NADase inhibitor from Pseudomonas putida KB1
-
additional information
-
high resistance to inhibition by nicotinamide
-
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DISEASE
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
LINK TO PUBMED
Adenoma
The expression of messenger RNA for ADP-ribosyl cyclase in aldosterone-producing adenomas.
adenylate cyclase deficiency
An enzymatic alteration secondary to adenylyl cyclase deficiency in the cr-1 (crisp) mutant of Neurospora crassa: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) glycohydrolase overproduction.
Brain Injuries
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury affects the glutamatergic signal transduction coupled with neuronal ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity.
Cardiomegaly
Inhibition of ADP-ribosyl cyclase attenuates angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy.
Glioma
Muscarinic receptor-mediated dual regulation of ADP-ribosyl cyclase in NG108-15 neuronal cell membranes.
Glioma
Signal transduction from bradykinin, angiotensin, adrenergic and muscarinic receptors to effector enzymes, including ADP-ribosyl cyclase.
Glioma
Subtype-specific coupling with ADP-ribosyl cyclase of metabotropic glutamate receptors in retina, cervical superior ganglion and NG108-15 cells.
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
CD38 polymorphisms in Spanish patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Multiple Myeloma
Daratumumab and Nanobody-Based Heavy Chain Antibodies Inhibit the ADPR Cyclase but not the NAD+ Hydrolase Activity of CD38-Expressing Multiple Myeloma Cells.
Myocardial Ischemia
Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion reduce the levels of cyclic ADP-ribose in rat myocardium.
Neoplasms
cADP-ribose/ryanodine channel/Ca2+-release signal transduction pathway in mesangial cells.
Nervous System Diseases
Role of ADP-ribosyl cyclase in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders after coronary artery bypass surgery and experimental ischemia.
Neuroblastoma
Bradykinin activates ADP-ribosyl cyclase in neuroblastoma cells: intracellular concentration decrease in NAD and increase in cyclic ADP-ribose.
Neuroblastoma
Muscarinic receptor-mediated dual regulation of ADP-ribosyl cyclase in NG108-15 neuronal cell membranes.
Neuroblastoma
Signal transduction from bradykinin, angiotensin, adrenergic and muscarinic receptors to effector enzymes, including ADP-ribosyl cyclase.
Neuroblastoma
Subtype-specific coupling with ADP-ribosyl cyclase of metabotropic glutamate receptors in retina, cervical superior ganglion and NG108-15 cells.
Tuberculosis
[NAD(P)-glycohydrolase in tuberculosis bacteria. A contribution to the mechanism of action INH]
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Increase of NAD glycohydrolase activity in uterine cervix cancers is caused by infiltration of lymphocytes.
Whooping Cough
Abscisic acid is an endogenous cytokine in human granulocytes with cyclic ADP-ribose as second messenger.
Whooping Cough
Abscisic acid is an endogenous stimulator of insulin release from human pancreatic islets with cyclic ADP ribose as second messenger.
Whooping Cough
Recombinant human serotonin 5A receptors stably expressed in C6 glioma cells couple to multiple signal transduction pathways.
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE