Information on EC 1.2.1.47 - 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase

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The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria

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EC NUMBER
COMMENTARY hide
1.2.1.47
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RECOMMENDED NAME
GeneOntology No.
4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY hide
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
4-trimethylammoniobutanal + NAD+ + H2O = 4-trimethylammoniobutanoate + NADH + 2 H+
show the reaction diagram
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
oxidation
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redox reaction
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reduction
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PATHWAY
BRENDA Link
KEGG Link
MetaCyc Link
L-carnitine biosynthesis
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carnitine metabolism
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Lysine degradation
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
4-trimethylammoniobutanal:NAD+ 1-oxidoreductase
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY hide
73361-01-0
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
-
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Manually annotated by BRENDA team
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UniProt
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Wistar strain
UniProt
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT                       
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
4-dimethylaminobutyraldehyde + NAD+
4-dimethylaminobutanoate + NADH
show the reaction diagram
4-dimethylaminobutyraldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
? + NADH + H+
show the reaction diagram
4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde + NAD+
4-N-trimethylaminobutanoate + NADH
show the reaction diagram
4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
gamma-butyrobetaine + NADH + H+
show the reaction diagram
4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde + NAD+
4-trimethylaminobutanoate + NADH
show the reaction diagram
4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde + NAD+
4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde + NADH
show the reaction diagram
4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde + NAD+
4-trimethylaminobutyrate + NADH
show the reaction diagram
4-trimethylammoniobutanal + NAD+ + H2O
4-trimethylammoniobutanoate + NADH + 2 H+
show the reaction diagram
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-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
acetate + NADH + H+
show the reaction diagram
betaine aldehyde + NAD+
betaine + NADH
show the reaction diagram
-
-
?
butyraldehyde + NAD+
butyrate + NADH
show the reaction diagram
gamma-aminobutyraldehyde + NAD+
gamma-aminobutyrate + NADH
show the reaction diagram
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-
?
gamma-aminobutyraldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
4-aminobutanoate + NADH + H+
show the reaction diagram
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-
-
?
heptanal + NAD+
heptanoate + NADH
show the reaction diagram
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-
?
hexadecanal + NAD+
hexadecanoate + NADH
show the reaction diagram
-
-
?
hexanal + NAD+ + H2O
hexanoate + NADH + H+
show the reaction diagram
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-
?
octanal + NAD+ + H2O
octanoate + NADH + H+
show the reaction diagram
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-
?
pentanal + NAD+
pentanoate + NADH
show the reaction diagram
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-
?
propionaldehyde + NAD+
propionate + NADH
show the reaction diagram
trimethylaminobutyraldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
gamma-butyrobetaine + NADH + 2 H+
show the reaction diagram
enzyme is involved in L-carnitine (3-hydroxy-4-N-trimethylaminobutyrate) biosynthesis
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-
?
additional information
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATES
NATURAL PRODUCTS
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
gamma-butyrobetaine + NADH + H+
show the reaction diagram
4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde + NAD+
4-trimethylaminobutanoate + NADH
show the reaction diagram
4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde + NAD+
4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde + NADH
show the reaction diagram
4-trimethylammoniobutanal + NAD+ + H2O
4-trimethylammoniobutanoate + NADH + 2 H+
show the reaction diagram
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-
-
?
trimethylaminobutyraldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
gamma-butyrobetaine + NADH + 2 H+
show the reaction diagram
Q9JLJ3
enzyme is involved in L-carnitine (3-hydroxy-4-N-trimethylaminobutyrate) biosynthesis
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?
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
NADP+
can also be used as oxidant
additional information
-
does not react with NADP+
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
additional information
Rb+, Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ have no effect on the enzyme activity
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INHIBITORS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
1,10-phenanthroline
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1 mM causes 5% inhibition at 30°C
3-methylbutyraldehyde
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1 mM causes 57% inhibition at 30°C
4-chloromercuribenzoate
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4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde
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the substrate inhibits at 0.24 mM
5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)
acetaldehyde
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1 mM causes 18% inhibition at 30°C
Betaine aldehyde
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1 mM causes 41% inhibition at 30°C
diethylmethylamine
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at 30°C, 5 mM causes 53% inhibition, does not inhibit at 1 mM
dimethylethylamine
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5 mM causes 9% inhibition at 30°C
Disulfiram
ethylmethylamine
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1 mM causes 20% inhibition at 30°C
glyceraldehyde
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1 mM causes 7% inhibition at 30°C
iodoacetoamide
KCl
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1 mM causes 5% inhibition at 30°C
p-chloromercuribenzoate
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0.1 mM causes 88% inhibition at 30°C
phenylacetaldehyde
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0.1 mM causes 54% inhibition at 30°C
Semicarbazide
triethylamine
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5 mM causes 42% inhibition at 30°C
trimethylacetaldehyde
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1 mM causes 80% inhibition at 30°C
additional information
-
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.024
4-Aminobutyraldehyde
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0.051 - 0.62
4-dimethylaminobutyraldehyde
0.0074 - 0.31
4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde
0.0014 - 0.00417
4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde
0.102
acetaldehyde
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0.123
Betaine aldehyde
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0.013
Butyraldehyde
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0.007
Heptanal
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0.0088
hexadecanal
-
0.009
Hexanal
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0.028 - 1.16
NAD+
0.006
octanal
-
0.01
pentanal
-
0.016
propionaldehyde
-
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SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
0.0000077
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muscle
0.000179
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heart
0.000298
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brain
0.001445
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kidney
0.001698
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testis
0.002138
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liver
0.21
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activity on propionaldehyde
0.772
purified enzyme
5.1
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activity on 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde
15.4
recombinant enzyme, after 19.5fold purification, at pH 9.5 and 30°C
additional information
expression of TMABA-DH is ontogenically regulated, renal levels of TMABA-DH are quantified by real-time PCR assays in foetuses, newborn, suckling, weaning and 2-month-old rats, foetuses express TMABA-DH mRNA and this expression increases significantly with maturation, comparisons between cortex and medulla reveals that, except for foetuses and newborn rats, TMABA-DHmRNA levels are significantly higher in the medulla than in the cortex; levels of liver mRNA TMABA-DH are approximately 2times greater than the maximal values measured in kidneys
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
9
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TMABA-DH activity assay
9.5 - 9.8
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pH RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
6.2 - 10.5
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pH 6.2: about 30% of activity maximum, pH 10.5: about 15% of activity maximum
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
25
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TMABA-DH activity assay
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pI VALUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
4.5
isoelectric focusing
5.5
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isoelectric focusing
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
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Manually annotated by BRENDA team
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
52000
3 * 52000, SDS-PAGE
150000
gel filtration
160000
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SUBUNITS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
?
x * 55000, SDS-PAGE
homotrimer
trimer
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pH STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
8 - 10
after pre-incubation for 15 min at 30°C, the enzyme is stable between pH 8.0 and 9.0 but is inactivated completely at pH 10.0
726537
8 - 9
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the enzyme is completely inactivated at pH 9.6
691376
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TEMPERATURE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
4
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0.1% 2-mercaptoethanol, 20% glycerol, fairly stable, but storage for several weeks results in loss of most of the activity
25 - 30
the enzyme is stable up to 25°C while incubation for 30 min at 30°C and above leads to rapid inactivation
30
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the enzyme is rapidly inactivated at temperatures above 35°C
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STORAGE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
-80°C, 0.1% 2-mercaptoethanol, 20% glycerol, several months
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-80°C, 1 mM dithiothreitol, glycerol, several months
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Purification/COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
14.2fold to apparent homogeneity, by hydrophobic chromatography and affinity chromatography
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ammonium sulfate precipitation, phenyl-Toyopearl column chromatography, and 5'-AMP Sepharose column chromatography
using column chromatography on blue dextran-Sepharose and 5'-AMP-Sepharose
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using column chromatography on SP-Sepharose, Red Sepharose CL-6B and Hydroxylapatite
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Cloned/COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
expressed in Escherichia coli DH5alpha and BL21 (DE3) cells
expression in Escherichia coli
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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
detection of mRNA levels in foetuses, increase during postnatal life, expression is ontogenically regulated
the enzyme gene is activated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha directly and by WY-14,643 in the liver of wild type mice
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LINKS TO OTHER DATABASES (specific for EC-Number 1.2.1.47)
ExplorEnz
ExPASy
KEGG
MetaCyc
SABIO-RK
NCBI: PubMed, Protein, Nucleotide, Structure, Genome, OMIM
IUBMB Enzyme Nomenclature
PROSITE Database of protein families and domains
InterPro (database of protein families, domains and functional sites)