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IUBMB Comments An iron-sulfur flavoenzyme. The enzyme was originally discovered in the uracil-fermenting bacterium, Clostridium uracilicum , which utilizes uracil and thymine as nitrogen and carbon sources for growth . Since then the enzyme was found in additional organisms including Alcaligenes eutrophus , Pseudomonas strains [3,4] and Escherichia coli [5,6].
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota, Archaea
Synonyms dihydrothymine dehydrogenase, pyrimidine reductase, uracil reductase, pyrimidine deaminase/reductase, more
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dehydrogenase, dihydrouracil
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dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase
dihydrothymine dehydrogenase
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dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (NAD+)
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pyrimidine deaminase/reductase
pyrimidine reductase
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thymine reductase
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dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase
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dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase
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dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase
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dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase
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656359 , 685782 , 685814 , 685850 , 686102 , 686495 , 686604 , 686998 , 687190 , 688302 , 689302 , 689367 , 689372 , 712566
DPD
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DPD
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349142 , 349143 , 656359 , 685782 , 685814 , 685850 , 686102 , 686495 , 686604 , 686998 , 687190 , 688302 , 689302 , 689367 , 689372 , 712566
pyrimidine deaminase/reductase
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pyrimidine deaminase/reductase
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RibD
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5,6-dihydrothymine + NAD+ = thymine + NADH + H+
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5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+ = uracil + NADH + H+
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5,6-dihydropyrimidine:NAD+ oxidoreductase
An iron-sulfur flavoenzyme. The enzyme was originally discovered in the uracil-fermenting bacterium, Clostridium uracilicum, which utilizes uracil and thymine as nitrogen and carbon sources for growth [1]. Since then the enzyme was found in additional organisms including Alcaligenes eutrophus [2], Pseudomonas strains [3,4] and Escherichia coli [5,6].
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5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+
uracil + NADH + H+
5-fluorouracil + NAD+
? + NADH
5-fluorouracil + NAD+
alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine + NADH + H+
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Substrates: - Products: -
?
5-fluorouracil + NADH + H+
5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+
5-fluorouracil + NADPH + H+
5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+
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Substrates: - Products: -
?
capecitabine + NAD+
?
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Substrates: - Products: -
?
dihydrothymine + NAD+
thymine + NADH + H+
Substrates: - Products: -
?
thymine + NAD(P)H + H+
dihydrothymine + NAD(P)+
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Substrates: - Products: -
r
thymine + NADH + H+
5,6-dihydrothymine + NAD+
thymine + NADH + H+
dihydrothymine + NAD+
Substrates: - Products: -
r
uracil + NAD(P)H + H+
5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD(P)+
uracil + NADH + H+
5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+
additional information
?
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5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+
uracil + NADH + H+
Substrates: - Products: -
?
5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+
uracil + NADH + H+
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Substrates: - Products: -
r
5-fluorouracil + NAD+
? + NADH
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Substrates: - Products: -
r
5-fluorouracil + NAD+
? + NADH
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Substrates: rate-limiting step in the elimination of the chemotherapeutic drug fluoropyrimidine Products: -
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5-fluorouracil + NADH + H+
5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+
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Substrates: - Products: -
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5-fluorouracil + NADH + H+
5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+
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Substrates: - Products: -
?
5-fluorouracil + NADH + H+
5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+
Substrates: - Products: -
r
5-fluorouracil + NADH + H+
5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+
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Substrates: - Products: -
?
5-fluorouracil + NADH + H+
5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+
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Substrates: - Products: dihydrofluorouracil is further metabolized to 2'-fluoro-beta-alanine
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5-fluorouracil + NADH + H+
5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+
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Substrates: dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase is the initial and rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of 5-fluorouracil Products: -
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5-fluorouracil + NADH + H+
5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+
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Substrates: development of a detection method using 2'-fluoro-beta-alanine derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde at room temperature and mass spectrometric analysis by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-electrospray ionization system, method evaluation and optimization, overview Products: dihydrofluorouracil is further metabolized to 2'-fluoro-beta-alanine
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thymine + NADH + H+
5,6-dihydrothymine + NAD+
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Substrates: - Products: -
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thymine + NADH + H+
5,6-dihydrothymine + NAD+
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Substrates: - Products: -
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uracil + NAD(P)H + H+
5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD(P)+
Clostridium uracilicum
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Substrates: high specificity for uracil Products: -
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uracil + NAD(P)H + H+
5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD(P)+
Clostridium uracilicum
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Substrates: reductive pathway of uracil degradation Products: -
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uracil + NAD(P)H + H+
5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD(P)+
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Substrates: preferred substrate Products: -
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uracil + NADH + H+
5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+
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Substrates: - Products: -
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uracil + NADH + H+
5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+
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Substrates: - Products: -
?
uracil + NADH + H+
5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+
Substrates: - Products: -
r
uracil + NADH + H+
5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+
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Substrates: - Products: -
?
additional information
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Substrates: the enzyme does not use NADPH as cosubstrate Products: -
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additional information
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Substrates: the enzyme does not use NADPH as cosubstrate Products: -
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additional information
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Substrates: no substrate: orotate Products: -
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additional information
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Substrates: no substrate: orotate Products: -
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5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+
uracil + NADH + H+
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Substrates: - Products: -
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5-fluorouracil + NAD+
? + NADH
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Substrates: rate-limiting step in the elimination of the chemotherapeutic drug fluoropyrimidine Products: -
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5-fluorouracil + NADH + H+
5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+
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Substrates: - Products: dihydrofluorouracil is further metabolized to 2'-fluoro-beta-alanine
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5-fluorouracil + NADPH + H+
5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+
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Substrates: - Products: -
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thymine + NADH + H+
5,6-dihydrothymine + NAD+
uracil + NAD(P)H + H+
5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD(P)+
Clostridium uracilicum
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Substrates: reductive pathway of uracil degradation Products: -
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uracil + NADH + H+
5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+
additional information
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thymine + NADH + H+
5,6-dihydrothymine + NAD+
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Substrates: - Products: -
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thymine + NADH + H+
5,6-dihydrothymine + NAD+
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Substrates: - Products: -
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uracil + NADH + H+
5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+
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Substrates: - Products: -
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uracil + NADH + H+
5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+
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Substrates: - Products: -
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additional information
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Substrates: the enzyme does not use NADPH as cosubstrate Products: -
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additional information
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Substrates: the enzyme does not use NADPH as cosubstrate Products: -
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NADP+
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less activity than with NAD+
NADPH
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less activity than with NADH
NAD+
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656359 , 685782 , 685814 , 685850 , 686102 , 686495 , 686604 , 686998 , 687190 , 688302 , 689367 , 689372 , 712566
NADH
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NADH
Clostridium uracilicum
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specific for, no reaction with NADPH
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5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine
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potent inhibitor
cisplatin
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cell lines CAL 27, CAL 33, CAL 51, PANC 3
dipyridamole
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cell lines CAL 27, CAL 33, CAL 51, ORL 1, PANC 3, mechanism
Hydroxyurea
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cell lines CAL 27, CAL 33, CAL 51, ORL 1, PANC 3
interferon-alpha-2a
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cell lines CAL 27, CAL 33, CAL 51, CAL 7, PANC 3
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Uracil
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reversible inhibition
additional information
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combined oral treatment with uracil and tegafur has no influence on DPD activity
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allopurinol
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cell lines CAL 27, CAL 51, ORL 1, PANC 3
cisplatin
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cell line ORL 1
phorbol-12-myristate
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activates gene expression
specificity protein 1
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transcription activator
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dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (nad+) deficiency
Dihydrothymine dehydrogenase deficiency in a family, leading to elevated levels of uracil and thymine.
dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (nad+) deficiency
Elevated urine, blood and cerebrospinal fluid levels of uracil and thymine in a child with dihydrothymine dehydrogenase deficiency.
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0.16
5,6-dihydrouracil
pH 11.0, 30Ā°C
0.13
Dihydrothymine
pH 11.0, 30Ā°C
0.087
thymine
pH 6.0, 30Ā°C
0.038
Uracil
pH 6.0, 30Ā°C
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0.65
5,6-dihydrouracil
pH 11.0, 30Ā°C
0.28
Dihydrothymine
pH 11.0, 30Ā°C
0.39
thymine
pH 6.0, 30Ā°C
0.64
Uracil
pH 6.0, 30Ā°C
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6.5
5,6-dihydrouracil
pH 11.0, 30Ā°C
2.8
Dihydrothymine
pH 11.0, 30Ā°C
4.5
thymine
pH 6.0, 30Ā°C
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0.535
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NADH, uracil reduction
additional information
Clostridium uracilicum
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additional information
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development of a quantitative assay method, determination of substrate and product in plasma and urine samples, overview
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11
oxidation of dihydrouracil, assay at
6
reduction of uracil, assay at
7 - 7.8
Clostridium uracilicum
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uracil reduction
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6.5 - 8.2
Clostridium uracilicum
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pH 6.5: 33.6% of activity maximum, pH 8.2: 59% of activity maximum
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brenda
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Clostridium uracilicum
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SwissProt
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LT2
UniProt
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subunit PreA
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subunit PreT
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349142 , 349143 , 656359 , 685782 , 685814 , 685850 , 686102 , 686495 , 686604 , 686998 , 687190 , 688302 , 689302 , 689367 , 689372 , 712566 -
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brenda
colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil
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brenda
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colorectal cancer cells
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mucosa
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peripheral blood
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intestine
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brenda
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brenda
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cell line ORL 1
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cell line CAL 7
brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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low content
brenda
Highest Expressing Human Cell Lines
Filter by:
Cell Line Links
Gene Links
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metabolism
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efficacy of the chemotherapeutic drug 5'-fluorouracil is reduced by catabolism to 2'-fluoro-beta-alanine, a three-step reaction in which dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase catalyzes the rate limiting step
physiological function
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the enzyme is essential for the adaption of Entamoeba histolytica to long-term glucose starvation
physiological function
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the enzyme is essential for the adaption of Entamoeba histolytica to long-term glucose starvation
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110000
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2 * 110000, SDS-PAGE
44329
2 * 44329, subunit PreT, plus 2 * 45069, subunit PreA
45069
2 * 44329, subunit PreT, plus 2 * 45069, subunit PreA
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homodimer
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2 * 110000, SDS-PAGE
tetramer
2 * 44329, subunit PreT, plus 2 * 45069, subunit PreA
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hanging drop vapour diffusion method using PEG 20k or NaCl as a precipitant
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additional information
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mutation IVS14+1G>A results in a 165bp deletion (corresponding to exon 14) in the DPD mRNA, the resulting protein product is truncated by 55 amino acids, and its catalytic activity is virtually absent, the mutation is responsible for a significant proportion of life-threatening toxicity of 5-fluorouracil
additional information
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the splice-site polymorphism IVS14+1G>A results in severe DPD deficiency with absent DPD activity
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Clostridium uracilicum
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enzyme expression is upregulated 3.8-fold in glucose-starved trophozoites
enzyme expression is upregulated 3.8-fold in glucose-starved trophozoites
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enzyme expression is upregulated 3.8-fold in glucose-starved trophozoites
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analysis
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high performance liquid chromatography method for quantification of dihydrouracil to uracil ratio in plasma and application in screening for dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency in patients treated with 5-fluorouracil. Plasma dihydrouracil to uracil ratio values are highly correlated with the plasma 5-fluorouracil-half-life values and are significantly associated with the toxic side effects, whereas, data set provided from genetic analysis of the coding sequences of the DPD gene are found to be insufficient to explain all the cases of the 5-fluorouracil-related toxicity pattern. Assay is suitable for routine clinical use for dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency assessment in patients prior to 5-fluorouracil administration
medicine
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target for inhibitor design to enhance the cytotoxical effect of 5-fluorouracil in tumor cells by inhibiting the DPD activity with 5-fluorouracil as substrate
medicine
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dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency is known to be a major cause of severe 5-fluorouracil-related toxicity
medicine
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DPD is a molecular marker for identifying tumor cells sensitivity in breast cancer patients receiving 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy
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Campbell, L.L.
Reductive Degradation of pyrimidines. III. purification and properties of dihydrouracil dehydrogenase
J. Biol. Chem.
227
693-700
1957
Clostridium uracilicum
brenda
Hallock, R.O.; Yamada, E.W.
Pyrimidine reducing enzymes of rat liver
Can. J. Biochem.
54
178-184
1976
Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Haaz, M.C.; Fischel, J.L.; Formento, P.; Renee, N.; Etienne, M.C.; Milano, G.
Impact of different fluorouracil biochemical modulators on cellular dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase
Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.
38
52-58
1996
Homo sapiens
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Milano, G.; Fischel, J.L.; Etienne, M.C.; Renee, N.; Formento, P.; Thyss, A.; Gaspard, M.H.; Thill, L.; Cupissol, D.
Inhibition of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase by alpha-interferon: Experimental data on human tumor cell lines
Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.
34
147-152
1994
Homo sapiens
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Jiang, H.; Jiang, J.; Hu, P.; Hu, Y.
Measurement of endogenous uracil and dihydrouracil in plasma and urine of normal subjects by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
J. Chromatogr. B
769
169-176
2002
Homo sapiens
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Lin, L.L.; Hsu, W.H.; Hsu, W.Y.; Kan, S.C.; Hu, H.Y.
Phylogenetic analysis and biochemical characterization of a thermostable dihydropyrimidinase from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. TS-23
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
88
189-197
2005
Brevibacillus agri, Oryza sativa (Q6Z744), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (Q8ZNL7)
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