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2-chloro-trans-cinnamate + NH3
2-chloro-L-phenylalanine
50.5% conversion
-
-
?
2-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3
2-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
95.8% conversion
-
-
?
2-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3
2-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
15.5% conversion
-
-
?
2-methoxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3
2-methoxy-L-phenylalanine
54.6% conversion
-
-
?
3-chloro-trans-cinnamate + NH3
3-chloro-L-phenylalanine
91.7% conversion
-
-
?
3-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3
3-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
52.1% conversion
-
-
?
3-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3
3-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
85.7% conversion
-
-
?
3-methoxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3
3-methoxy-L-phenylalanine
85.7% conversion
-
-
?
4-chloro-trans-cinnamate + NH3
4-chloro-L-phenylalanine
89.1% conversion
-
-
?
4-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3
4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
65.9% conversion
-
-
?
4-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3
4-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
0.8% conversion
-
-
?
4-methoxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3
4-methoxy-L-phenylalanine
6.4% conversion
-
-
?
L-phenylalanine
trans-cinnamate + NH3
the enzyme is specific for L-phenylalanine
-
-
r
trans-cinnamate + NH3
L-phenylalanine
85.2% conversion
-
-
r
(1,1'-biphenyl)acrylic acid + NH3
([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)alanine
-
no product is detected with wild-type enzyme or either single mutants, 8% conversion with mutant enzyme F137A/I460V after 20 h
-
-
?
(2'-chloro-5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)acrylic acid + NH3
(2'-chloro-5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)alanine
-
no product is detected with wild-type enzyme or either single mutants, 2% conversion with mutant enzyme F137A/I460V after 20 h
-
-
?
(2'-chloro-5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)alanine
(2'-chloro-5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)acrylic acid + NH3
-
wild-type enzyme shows a very poor conversion even after long reaction times up to 48 h, mutants I460V and F137V and F137A provide medium to high conversion
-
-
?
(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)alanine
(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)acrylic acid + NH3
-
wild-type enzyme shows a very poor conversion even after long reaction times up to 48 h, mutant F137A provides low high conversion
-
-
?
(2E)-3-(1-benzofuran-2-yl)acrylic acid + NH3
2-amino-3-(1-benzofuran-2-yl)propanoic acid
-
-
-
-
r
(2E)-3-(1-benzothien-2-yl)acrylic acid + NH3
2-amino-3-(1-benzothien-2-yl)propanoic acid
-
-
-
-
r
(2E)-3-(2-furyl)acrylic acid + NH3
(S)-2-amino-3-(2-furyl)propanoic acid
-
-
-
-
r
(2E)-3-(2-thienyl)acrylic acid + NH3
2-amino-3-(2-thienyl)propanoic acid
-
-
-
-
r
(2E)-4-amino-cinnamic acid + NH3
4-amino-L-phenylalanine
-
poor substrate
-
-
r
(2E)-4-fluoro-cinnamic acid + NH3
4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
-
-
-
r
(2E)-4-formyl-cinnamic acid + NH3
4-formyl-L-phenylalanine
-
-
-
-
r
(2E)-4-hydroxycinnamate + NH3
L-tyrosine
-
-
-
-
r
(2E)-4-methyl-cinnamic acid + NH3
4-methyl-L-phenylalanine
-
-
-
-
r
(2E)-4-nitro-cinnamic acid + NH3
4-nitro-L-phenylalanine
-
-
-
-
r
(2E)-4-trifluoromethyl-cinnamic acid + NH3
4-trifluoromethyl-L-phenylalanine
-
poor substrate
-
-
r
(3-methoxy)alanine
(3-methoxy)acrylic acid + NH3
-
wild-type enzyme shows a very poor conversion even after long reaction times up to 48 h, mutants I460V and F137V and F137A provide medium to high conversion
-
-
?
(4'-chloro-5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)alanine
(4'-chloro-5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)acrylic acid + NH3
-
wild-type enzyme shows a very poor conversion even after long reaction times up to 48 h, mutants I460V and F137V and F137A provide medium to high conversion
-
-
?
(4'-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)acrylic acid + NH3
(4'-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)alanine
-
no product is detected with wild-type enzyme or either single mutants, 6% conversion with mutant enzyme F137A/I460V after 20 h
-
-
?
(4'-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)alanine
(4'-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)acrylic acid + NH3
-
wild-type enzyme shows a very poor conversion even after long reaction times up to 48 h, mutants I460V and F137V and F137A provide medium to high conversion. 39% conversion with with mutant enzyme F137A/I460V, 18% conversion with mutant enzyme F137A/L138V, 15% conversion with mutant enzyme F137A
-
-
?
(5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)acrylic acid + NH3
(5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)alanine
-
no product is detected with wild-type enzyme or either single mutants, 6% conversion with mutant enzyme F137A/I460V after 20 h
-
-
?
(5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)alanine
(5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)acrylic acid + NH3
-
wild-type enzyme shows a very poor conversion even after long reaction times up to 48 h, mutants I460V and F137V and F137A provide medium to high conversion. 48% conversion with mutant enzyme F137A/L138V, 44% conversion with mutant enzyme F137
-
-
?
(E)-cinnamate + NH3
L-phenylalanine
-
-
-
-
r
(E)-pent-2-ene-4-ynoate + NH3
L-propargylglycine
-
-
-
-
r
(naphthalen-2-yl)alanine
(naphthalen-2-yl)acrylic acid + NH3
-
wild-type enzyme shows a very poor conversion even after long reaction times up to 48 h, mutants I460V and F137V and F137A provide medium to high conversion
-
-
?
(styryl)acrylic acid + NH3
(styryl)alanine
-
no product is detected with wild-type enzyme or either single mutants, but 22% and 27%, respectively, conversion can be achieved with the F137V/I460V and F137V/I460A double mutants
-
-
?
(styryl)alanine
(styryl)acrylic acid + NH3
-
wild-type enzyme shows a very poor conversion even after long reaction times up to 48 h, mutants I460V and F137V and F137A provide medium to high conversion
-
-
?
([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)alanine
(1,1'-biphenyl)acrylic acid + NH3
-
wild-type enzyme shows a very poor conversion even after long reaction times up to 48 h, mutants I460V and F137V and F137A provide medium to high conversion
-
-
?
2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-L-phenylalanine
2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3
-
-
-
r
2,6-difluoro-L-phenylalanine
2,6-difluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3
-
-
-
r
2-amino-3-(1-benzofuran-2-yl)propanoic acid
(2E)-3-(1-benzofuran-2-yl)acrylic acid + NH3
-
49% of the rate with L-phenylalanine
-
-
r
2-amino-3-(1-benzothien-2-yl)propanoic acid
(2E)-3-(1-benzothien-2-yl)acrylic acid + NH3
-
14% of the rate with L-phenylalanine
-
-
r
2-amino-3-(2-furyl)propanoic acid
(2E)-3-(2-furyl)acrylic acid + NH3
-
34% of the rate with L-phenylalanine
-
-
r
2-amino-3-(2-thienyl)propanoic acid
(2E)-3-(2-thienyl)acrylic acid + NH3
-
101% of the rate with L-phenylalanine
-
-
r
2-amino-3-(3-thienyl)propanoic acid
(2E)-3-(3-thienyl)acrylic acid + NH3
-
16% of the rate with L-phenylalanine
-
-
r
2-chloro-L-phenylalanine
2-chloro-trans-cinnamate + NH3
-
-
-
r
2-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
2-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3
-
-
-
r
3,5-difluoro-L-phenylalanine
3,5-difluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3
-
-
-
r
3-chloro-L-phenylalanine
3-chloro-trans-cinnamate + NH3
-
-
-
r
3-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
3-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3
-
-
-
r
4-chloro-L-phenylalanine
4-chloro-trans-cinnamate + NH3
-
-
-
?
4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
4-fluoro-(E)-cinnamate + NH3
-
-
-
-
r
4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
4-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3
-
-
-
r
4-nitro-L-phenylalanine
4-nitro-(E)-cinnamate + NH3
-
-
-
-
r
4-trifluoromethyl-L-phenylalanine
4-trifluoromethyl-(E)-cinnamate + NH3
-
-
-
-
r
beta-(5-pyrimidinyl)-D,L-alanine
?
-
-
-
?
L-Phe
(E)-cinnamate + NH3
L-phenylalanine
(E)-cinnamate + NH3
L-phenylalanine
trans-cinnamate + NH3
L-propargylglycine
(E)-pent-2-ene-4-ynoate + NH3
-
-
-
-
r
L-styrylalanine
(styryl)acrylic acid + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
L-tyrosine
(2E)-4-hydroxycinnamate + NH3
-
poor substrate
-
-
r
L-tyrosine
p-coumarate + NH3
-
L-Tyr
-
-
?
N-methyl-L-phenylalanine
trans-cinnamate + methylamine
-
-
-
?
rac-(E)-2-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)pent-4-enoic acid
(2E,4E)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)penta-2,4-dienoic acid + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
rac-(E)-2-amino-5-phenylpent-4-enoic acid
(2E,4E)-5-phenylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
trans-cinnamate + NH3
L-phenylalanine
-
-
-
-
r
additional information
?
-
-
no substrate: 2-amino-3-(3-furyl)propanoic acid. Enzyme acts selectively on L-amino acids and their derivatives
-
-
?
L-Phe
(E)-cinnamate + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
L-Phe
(E)-cinnamate + NH3
-
-
-
?
L-Phe
(E)-cinnamate + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
L-phenylalanine
(E)-cinnamate + NH3
-
-
-
?
L-phenylalanine
(E)-cinnamate + NH3
-
-
-
?
L-phenylalanine
(E)-cinnamate + NH3
-
-
-
r
L-phenylalanine
(E)-cinnamate + NH3
-
-
-
r
L-phenylalanine
(E)-cinnamate + NH3
-
-
-
r
L-phenylalanine
(E)-cinnamate + NH3
-
-
-
-
r
L-phenylalanine
(E)-cinnamate + NH3
-
reaction can be reversed by applying high concentrations of ammonia
-
?
L-phenylalanine
trans-cinnamate + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
L-phenylalanine
trans-cinnamate + NH3
-
-
-
-
r
L-phenylalanine
trans-cinnamate + NH3
-
key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism
-
-
r
L-phenylalanine
trans-cinnamate + NH3
-
reversibility of the reaction is demonstrated for the natural substrate L-Phe at an ammonium carbonate concentration as low as 0.1 M
-
-
r
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0.05
L-phenylalanine
pH 8.8, 30°C
0.05
trans-cinnamate
pH 10, 30°C
0.3 - 0.7
(2E)-4-fluoro-cinnamic acid
0.1 - 0.4
(2E)-4-formyl-cinnamic acid
5.9 - 12.6
(2E)-4-hydroxycinnamate
0.1 - 0.5
(2E)-4-methyl-cinnamic acid
2.8 - 4.2
(2E)-4-nitro-cinnamic acid
0.076
2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
-
0.085
2,6-difluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
-
0.048
2-amino-3-(1-benzofuran-2-yl)propanoic acid
-
pH 8.8, 30°C
0.116
2-amino-3-(1-benzothien-2-yl)propanoic acid
-
pH 8.8, 30°C
0.076
2-amino-3-(2-furyl)propanoic acid
-
pH 8.8, 30°C
0.134
2-amino-3-(2-thienyl)propanoic acid
-
pH 8.8, 30°C
0.018
2-amino-3-(3-thienyl)propanoic acid
-
pH 8.8, 30°C
0.05
2-chloro-L-phenylalanine
-
-
0.065
2-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
-
0.159
3,5-difluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
-
0.094
3-chloro-L-phenylalanine
-
-
0.079
3-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
-
0.045
4-chloro-L-phenylalanine
-
-
0.01 - 0.4
4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
2 - 2.2
4-nitro-L-phenylalanine
2.5 - 3.1
4-trifluoromethyl-L-phenylalanine
0.022 - 42.4
L-phenylalanine
16
L-propargylglycine
-
pH 8.8, 30°C
0.186 - 4.384
L-styrylalanine
0.4
L-tyrosine
-
wild-type, pH 10, 30°C
6.6
N-methyl-L-phenylalanine
-
-
0.0783 - 0.154
rac-(E)-2-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)pent-4-enoic acid
0.201 - 0.395
rac-(E)-2-amino-5-phenylpent-4-enoic acid
0.3
(2E)-4-fluoro-cinnamic acid
-
wild-type, pH 10, 30°C
0.7
(2E)-4-fluoro-cinnamic acid
-
mutant F137V, pH 10, 30°C
0.1
(2E)-4-formyl-cinnamic acid
-
mutant F137V, pH 10, 30°C
0.4
(2E)-4-formyl-cinnamic acid
-
wild-type, pH 10, 30°C
5.9
(2E)-4-hydroxycinnamate
-
mutant F137V, pH 10, 30°C
12.6
(2E)-4-hydroxycinnamate
-
wild-type, pH 10, 30°C
0.1
(2E)-4-methyl-cinnamic acid
-
mutant F137V, pH 10, 30°C
0.5
(2E)-4-methyl-cinnamic acid
-
wild-type, pH 10, 30°C
2.8
(2E)-4-nitro-cinnamic acid
-
wild-type, pH 10, 30°C
4.2
(2E)-4-nitro-cinnamic acid
-
mutant F137V, pH 10, 30°C
0.2
(E)-cinnamate
-
mutant F137V, pH 10, 30°C
0.2
(E)-cinnamate
-
wild-type, pH 10, 30°C
0.01
4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
-
0.4
4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
mutant F137V, pH 10, 30°C
0.4
4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
wild-type, pH 10, 30°C
2
4-nitro-L-phenylalanine
-
wild-type, pH 10, 30°C
2.2
4-nitro-L-phenylalanine
-
mutant F137V, pH 10, 30°C
2.5
4-trifluoromethyl-L-phenylalanine
-
mutant F137V, pH 10, 30°C
3.1
4-trifluoromethyl-L-phenylalanine
-
wild-type, pH 10, 30°C
0.015
L-Phe
-
isoenzyme PAL-4
0.0169
L-Phe
-
isoenzyme PAL-2
0.0172
L-Phe
-
isoenzyme PAL-1
0.0245
L-Phe
-
isoenzyme PAL-3
0.027
L-Phe
-
pH 8.8, 30°C, mutant enzyme Q487A
0.032
L-Phe
-
at low concentrations
0.033
L-Phe
-
pH 8.8, 30°C, mutant enzyme Y350F
0.24
L-Phe
-
at high substrate concentrations
14.2
L-Phe
-
pH 8.8, 30°C, mutant enzyme L137H
75.6
L-Phe
-
pH 8.8, 30°C, mutant enzyme L137H/Q487E
0.022
L-phenylalanine
-
pH 8.8, 30°C, mutant enzyme Q487A
0.028
L-phenylalanine
-
pH 8.8, 30°C, mutant enzyme Y350F
0.032
L-phenylalanine
-
pH 8.8, 30°C
0.033
L-phenylalanine
-
-
0.083
L-phenylalanine
-
pH 8.8, 30°C, wild-type enzyme
0.086
L-phenylalanine
-
pH 8.8, 30°C, mutant enzyme F137V
0.5
L-phenylalanine
-
mutant F137V, pH 10, 30°C
0.52
L-phenylalanine
-
pH 8.8, 30°C
0.6
L-phenylalanine
-
wild-type, pH 10, 30°C
1.732
L-phenylalanine
-
pH 8.8, 30°C, mutant enzyme F137A
4.969
L-phenylalanine
-
pH 8.8, 30°C, mutant enzyme F137G
9.8
L-phenylalanine
-
pH 8.8, 30°C, mutant enzyme L137H
42.4
L-phenylalanine
-
pH 8.8, 30°C, mutant enzyme L137H/Q487E
0.186
L-styrylalanine
-
pH 8.8, 30°C, mutant enzyme F137V
1.173
L-styrylalanine
-
pH 8.8, 30°C, mutant enzyme F137A
4.12
L-styrylalanine
-
pH 8.8, 30°C, mutant enzyme F137G
4.384
L-styrylalanine
-
pH 8.8, 30°C, wild-type enzyme
2.3
L-Tyr
-
isoenzyme PAL-2
2.5
L-Tyr
-
isoenzyme PAL-1
2.6
L-Tyr
-
isoenzyme PAL-4
7.8
L-Tyr
-
isoenzyme PAL-3
2.6
NH3
-
pH 10.0
0.0783
rac-(E)-2-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)pent-4-enoic acid
-
pH 8.8, 30°C, mutant enzyme F137V
0.154
rac-(E)-2-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)pent-4-enoic acid
-
pH 8.8, 30°C, wild-type enzyme
0.201
rac-(E)-2-amino-5-phenylpent-4-enoic acid
-
pH 8.8, 30°C, mutant enzyme F137V
0.395
rac-(E)-2-amino-5-phenylpent-4-enoic acid
-
pH 8.8, 30°C, wild-type enzyme
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F137A
-
mutation increased the activity significantly towards almost all non-natural analogues of phenylalanine compared to the wild-type enzyme. Moderate enhancement (15%) of the conversion in ammonia elimination from (4'-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)alanine and for (5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)alanine (44%)
F137A/L138V
-
moderate enhancement (18%) of the conversion in ammonia elimination from (4'-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)alanine and for (5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)alanine (48%)
F137I
-
increased activity in the amination of p-nitro-cinnamic acid
F137T
-
increased activity in the amination of p-nitro-cinnamic acid
F137V/I460V
-
moderate enhancement (39%) of the conversion in ammonia elimination from (4'-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)alanine
I460A
-
mutation increased the activity significantly towards almost all non-natural analogues of phenylalanine compared to the wild-type enzyme, mutation decreases the Tm value significantly from 75°C to 51°C
I460V
-
mutation increased the activity significantly towards almost all non-natural analogues of phenylalanine compared to the wild-type enzyme
L137H
-
mutation almost doubles the kinetic D-isotope effect compared to wild-type enzyme
L137H/Q487E
-
mutation almost doubles the kinetic D-isotope effect compared to wild-type enzyme
Q487A
-
kinetic D isotope effect is of the same magnitude as wild-type enzyme
S202A
-
mutation results in lack of catalytic activity
Y350F
-
kinetic D isotope effect is of the same magnitude as wild-type enzyme
F137V
-
increased activity in the amination of p-nitro-cinnamic acid
F137V
-
mutation increased the activity significantly towards almost all non-natural analogues of phenylalanine compared to the wild-type enzyme
F137V
-
the mutant enzyme can transform L-styrylalanine with comparable activity to that of the wild-type enzyme with L-phenylalanine. Ammonia elimination from L-styrylalanine by the non-mutated wild-type enzyme takes place with a 777fold lower kcat/KM value than the deamination of the natural substrate, L-phenylalanine. The mutant enzyme shows enhanced catalytic efficiency in the ammonia elimination reaction of several racemic styrylalanine derivatives
additional information
a Tyr10-loop-in conformation of the enzyme structure is constructed by partial homology modeling, and the static and dynamic behavior of the loop-in/loop-out structures are compared
additional information
-
a Tyr10-loop-in conformation of the enzyme structure is constructed by partial homology modeling, and the static and dynamic behavior of the loop-in/loop-out structures are compared
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Hanson, K.R.; Havir, E.A.
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
Biochem. Plants
7
577-625
1981
Avena sativa, Ricinus communis, Cucumis sativus, Dunaliella marina, Fagopyrum esculentum, Glycine max, Helianthus annuus, Hordeum vulgare, Ipomoea batatas, Nasturtium officinale, Petroselinum crispum, Petunia x hybrida, Quercus pedunculata, Rhizoctonia solani, Sinapis alba, Solanum tuberosum, Sorghum bicolor, Spinacia oleracea, Streptomyces verticillatus, Triticum aestivum, Tropaeolum majus, Zea mays
-
brenda
Appert, C.; Logermann, E.; Hahlbrock, K.; Schmid, J.; Amrhein, N.
Structural and catalytic properties of the four phenylalanine ammonia-lyase isoenzymes from parsley (Petroselinum crispum Nym.)
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Phenylalanine ammonia lyase from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPAL2) A potent MIO-enzyme for the synthesis of non-canonical aromatic alpha-amino acids Part I Comparative characterization to the enzymes from Petroselinum crispum (PcPAL1) and Rhodosporidium to the enzymes from Petroselinum crispum (PcPAL1) and Rhodosporidium toruloides (RtPAL)
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Synechocystis sp., Arabidopsis thaliana, Oscillatoria sp., Petroselinum crispum, Photorhabdus luminescens, Streptomyces verticillatus, Trifolium pratense, Streptomyces maritimus, Rubrobacter xylanophilus, Albuca bracteata, Leptolyngbya sp., Salvia miltiorrhiza (A9XIW5), Salvia miltiorrhiza (C7E4J2), Salvia miltiorrhiza (U3N6Q1), Nostoc punctiforme (B2J528), Melissa officinalis (E1UYU6), Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (P10248), Trichormus variabilis (Q3M5Z3), Rhodotorula glutinis (V5TFQ0)
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