Application | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
medicine | enzyme substitution therapy for the treatment of phenylketonuria | Petroselinum crispum |
medicine | enzyme substitution therapy for the treatment of phenylketonuria | Trichormus variabilis |
pharmacology | enzyme substitution therapy for the treatment of phenylketonuria | Petroselinum crispum |
pharmacology | enzyme substitution therapy for the treatment of phenylketonuria | Trichormus variabilis |
synthesis | reconstructed phenylpropanoid pathway in engineered Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae leads to the biosynthesis of a wide range of phenylpropanoid-derived compounds, including (2S)-pinocembrin, (2S)-naringenin, p-hydroxystyrene, p-coumarate, trans-cinnamic acid | Rhodotorula glutinis |
synthesis | reconstructed phenylpropanoid pathway in engineered Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae leads to the biosynthesis of a wide range of phenylpropanoid-derived compounds, including dicinnamoylmethane, 6-fluoro-dicinnamoylmethane, 6,6'-difluoro-dicinnamoylmethane or pinosylvin | Trifolium pratense |
synthesis | reconstructed phenylpropanoid pathway in engineered Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae leads to the biosynthesis of a wide range of phenylpropanoid-derived compounds, including trans-cinnamic acid | Streptomyces maritimus |
synthesis | reconstructed phenylpropanoid pathway in engineered Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae leads to the biosynthesis of a wide range of phenylpropanoid-derived compounds, including trans-cinnamic acid, (2RS)-pinocembrin, styrene, pinosylvin or (2S)-naringenin | Arabidopsis thaliana |
synthesis | reconstructed phenylpropanoid pathway in engineered Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae leads to the biosynthesis of a wide range of phenylpropanoid-derived compounds, including trans-cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, (2RS)-pinocembrin, (2RS)-naringenin, trans-resveratrol, pinosylvin, genistein | Rhodotorula mucilaginosa |
Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
---|---|
expression in Escherichia coli | Arabidopsis thaliana |
expression in Escherichia coli | Petroselinum crispum |
expression in Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Rhodotorula mucilaginosa |
Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
C503S/C565S | reduced aggregation properties of the enzyme, without significantly altered enzyme activity | Trichormus variabilis |
F144H | marked reduction (30fold) in affinity for the substrate phenylalanine | Arabidopsis thaliana |
F18A | modest improvements in resistance against protease inactivation | Trichormus variabilis |
Q292C/C565S | displays more kinetic stability and chemical denaturation resistance | Trichormus variabilis |
S202A | mutation results in lack of catalytic activity | Petroselinum crispum |
Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L-phenylalanine | Arabidopsis thaliana | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | Petroselinum crispum | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | Photorhabdus luminescens | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | Synechocystis sp. | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | Streptomyces verticillatus | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | Trifolium pratense | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | Oscillatoria sp. | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | Streptomyces maritimus | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | Rubrobacter xylanophilus | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | Salvia miltiorrhiza | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | Trichormus variabilis | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | Rhodotorula mucilaginosa | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | Rhodotorula glutinis | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | Nostoc punctiforme | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | Melissa officinalis | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | Albuca bracteata | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | Leptolyngbya sp. | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r |
Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
Albuca bracteata | - |
- |
- |
Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
- |
- |
Leptolyngbya sp. | - |
- |
- |
Melissa officinalis | E1UYU6 | - |
- |
Nostoc punctiforme | B2J528 | - |
- |
Oscillatoria sp. | - |
- |
- |
Petroselinum crispum | - |
- |
- |
Photorhabdus luminescens | - |
- |
- |
Rhodotorula glutinis | V5TFQ0 | - |
- |
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa | P10248 | - |
- |
Rubrobacter xylanophilus | - |
- |
- |
Salvia miltiorrhiza | A9XIW5 | - |
- |
Salvia miltiorrhiza | C7E4J2 | - |
- |
Salvia miltiorrhiza | U3N6Q1 | - |
- |
Streptomyces maritimus | - |
- |
- |
Streptomyces verticillatus | - |
- |
- |
Synechocystis sp. | - |
- |
- |
Trichormus variabilis | Q3M5Z3 | - |
- |
Trifolium pratense | - |
- |
- |
Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
flower | highest expression of PAL1 in roots, followed by leaves, stems and flowers | Salvia miltiorrhiza | - |
flower | PAL3 has the highest expression in leaves, less in roots, stems and flowers | Salvia miltiorrhiza | - |
flower | SmPAL2 was predominately expressed in stems and flowers | Salvia miltiorrhiza | - |
leaf | highest expression of PAL1 in roots, followed by leaves, stems and flowers | Salvia miltiorrhiza | - |
leaf | PAL3 has the highest expression in leaves, less in roots, stems and flowers | Salvia miltiorrhiza | - |
root | highest expression of PAL1 in roots, followed by leaves, stems and flowers | Salvia miltiorrhiza | - |
root | PAL3 has the highest expression in leaves, less in roots, stems and flowers | Salvia miltiorrhiza | - |
stem | highest expression of PAL1 in roots, followed by leaves, stems and flowers | Salvia miltiorrhiza | - |
stem | PAL3 has the highest expression in leaves, less in roots, stems and flowers | Salvia miltiorrhiza | - |
stem | SmPAL2 was predominately expressed in stems and flowers | Salvia miltiorrhiza | - |
Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L-phenylalanine | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | - |
Petroselinum crispum | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | - |
Photorhabdus luminescens | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | - |
Synechocystis sp. | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | - |
Streptomyces verticillatus | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | - |
Trifolium pratense | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | - |
Oscillatoria sp. | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | - |
Streptomyces maritimus | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | - |
Rubrobacter xylanophilus | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | - |
Salvia miltiorrhiza | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | - |
Trichormus variabilis | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | - |
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | - |
Rhodotorula glutinis | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | - |
Nostoc punctiforme | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | - |
Melissa officinalis | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | - |
Albuca bracteata | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | - |
Leptolyngbya sp. | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Arabidopsis thaliana | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Petroselinum crispum | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Photorhabdus luminescens | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Synechocystis sp. | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Streptomyces verticillatus | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Trifolium pratense | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Oscillatoria sp. | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Streptomyces maritimus | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Rubrobacter xylanophilus | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Salvia miltiorrhiza | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Trichormus variabilis | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Rhodotorula mucilaginosa | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Rhodotorula glutinis | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Nostoc punctiforme | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Melissa officinalis | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Albuca bracteata | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
L-phenylalanine | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Leptolyngbya sp. | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
r | |
trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | L-phenylalanine | - |
r | |
trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
Petroselinum crispum | L-phenylalanine | - |
r | |
trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
Photorhabdus luminescens | L-phenylalanine | - |
r | |
trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
Synechocystis sp. | L-phenylalanine | - |
r | |
trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
Streptomyces verticillatus | L-phenylalanine | - |
r | |
trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
Trifolium pratense | L-phenylalanine | - |
r | |
trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
Oscillatoria sp. | L-phenylalanine | - |
r | |
trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
Streptomyces maritimus | L-phenylalanine | - |
r | |
trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
Rubrobacter xylanophilus | L-phenylalanine | - |
r | |
trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
Salvia miltiorrhiza | L-phenylalanine | - |
r | |
trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
Trichormus variabilis | L-phenylalanine | - |
r | |
trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa | L-phenylalanine | - |
r | |
trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
Rhodotorula glutinis | L-phenylalanine | - |
r | |
trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
Nostoc punctiforme | L-phenylalanine | - |
r | |
trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
Melissa officinalis | L-phenylalanine | - |
r | |
trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
Albuca bracteata | L-phenylalanine | - |
r | |
trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
Leptolyngbya sp. | L-phenylalanine | - |
r |
Subunits | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
tetramer | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
tetramer | - |
Petroselinum crispum |
tetramer | - |
Photorhabdus luminescens |
tetramer | - |
Synechocystis sp. |
tetramer | - |
Streptomyces verticillatus |
tetramer | - |
Trifolium pratense |
tetramer | - |
Oscillatoria sp. |
tetramer | - |
Streptomyces maritimus |
tetramer | - |
Rubrobacter xylanophilus |
tetramer | - |
Salvia miltiorrhiza |
tetramer | - |
Trichormus variabilis |
tetramer | - |
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa |
tetramer | - |
Rhodotorula glutinis |
tetramer | - |
Nostoc punctiforme |
tetramer | - |
Melissa officinalis |
tetramer | - |
Albuca bracteata |
tetramer | - |
Leptolyngbya sp. |
Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
PAL | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
PAL | - |
Petroselinum crispum |
PAL | - |
Photorhabdus luminescens |
PAL | - |
Synechocystis sp. |
PAL | - |
Streptomyces verticillatus |
PAL | - |
Trifolium pratense |
PAL | - |
Oscillatoria sp. |
PAL | - |
Streptomyces maritimus |
PAL | - |
Rubrobacter xylanophilus |
PAL | - |
Trichormus variabilis |
PAL | - |
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa |
PAL | - |
Rhodotorula glutinis |
PAL | - |
Nostoc punctiforme |
PAL | - |
Melissa officinalis |
PAL | - |
Albuca bracteata |
PAL | - |
Leptolyngbya sp. |
PAL1 | - |
Salvia miltiorrhiza |
PAL2 | - |
Salvia miltiorrhiza |
PAL3 | - |
Salvia miltiorrhiza |
Organism | Comment | Expression |
---|---|---|
Salvia miltiorrhiza | induced by mechanical wounding | up |
General Information | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
metabolism | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Arabidopsis thaliana |
metabolism | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Petroselinum crispum |
metabolism | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Photorhabdus luminescens |
metabolism | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Synechocystis sp. |
metabolism | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Streptomyces verticillatus |
metabolism | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Trifolium pratense |
metabolism | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Oscillatoria sp. |
metabolism | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Streptomyces maritimus |
metabolism | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Rubrobacter xylanophilus |
metabolism | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Salvia miltiorrhiza |
metabolism | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Trichormus variabilis |
metabolism | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Rhodotorula mucilaginosa |
metabolism | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Rhodotorula glutinis |
metabolism | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Nostoc punctiforme |
metabolism | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Melissa officinalis |
metabolism | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Albuca bracteata |
metabolism | key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism | Leptolyngbya sp. |