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Information on EC 3.2.1.103 - keratan-sulfate endo-1,4-beta-galactosidase
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC3.2.1.103
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EC Tree 3 Hydrolases
3.2 Glycosylases
3.2.1 Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes that hydrolyse O- and S-glycosyl compounds
3.2.1.103 keratan-sulfate endo-1,4-beta-galactosidase
IUBMB Comments
Hydrolyses the 1,4-β-D-galactosyl linkages adjacent to 1,3-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl residues. Also acts on some non-sulfated oligosaccharides, but only acts on blood group substances when the 1,2-linked fucosyl residues have been removed (cf. EC 3.2.1.102 blood-group-substance endo-1,4-β-galactosidase).
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota
- 3.2.1.103
- proteoglycans
- chondroitinase
- chondroitin
- glycosaminoglycans
- cartilage
- hyaluronidase
- dermatan
- heparitinase
-
interglobular
-
endo-beta-d-galactosidase
-
35ssulphate
-
sulphate-rich
-
fuchsin
-
cupromeronic
-
kspgs
- analysis
- medicine
Reaction Schemes
showSynonyms
keratanase, more
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
endo-beta-galactosidase
galactosidase, keratosulfate endo- beta-
-
-
-
-
keratan sulfate endogalactosidase
-
-
-
-
keratanase
endo-beta-galactosidase
-
-
-
-
keratanase
-
-
-
-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
Endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-galactosidic linkages in keratan sulfate
-
-
-
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
hydrolysis of O-glycosyl bond
-
-
-
-
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
keratan-sulfate 4-beta-D-galactanohydrolase
Hydrolyses the 1,4-beta-D-galactosyl linkages adjacent to 1,3-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl residues. Also acts on some non-sulfated oligosaccharides, but only acts on blood group substances when the 1,2-linked fucosyl residues have been removed (cf. EC 3.2.1.102 blood-group-substance endo-1,4-beta-galactosidase).
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
55072-01-0
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
COMMENTARY
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
Fucalpha1-2Galbeta1-3GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc + H2O
?
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
Fucalpha1-2Galbeta1-3GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-Cer + H2O
Fucalpha1-2Galbeta1-3GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal + Glc-Cer
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)sorbitol + H2O
Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal + sorbitol
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
Galbeta1-3GlcNAc(6-2alphaNeuAc)beta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc + H2O
?
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
Galbeta1-3[Fucalpha1-4]GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-Cer + H2O
Galbeta1-3[Fucalpha1-4]GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal + Glc-Cer
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-Cer + H2O
Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-3Gal + Glc-Cer
glycosphingolipids + H2O
?
-
Substrates: lacto-N-glycosylceramide series having the common structure R-GlcAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc(or GlcNAc) are hydrolyzed at Galbeta1-4Glc (or GlcNAC) linkages. beta-Galactosyl linkages in globo series or ganglio series of glycolipids are not hydrolyzed
Products: -
Products: -
?
lacto-N-tetraitol + H2O
sorbitol + Galbeta(1-3)GlcNAcbeta(1-3)Gal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
lacto-N-tetraose + H2O
glucose + Galbeta(1-3)GlcNAcbeta(1-3)Gal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
mucin + H2O
GlcNAcbeta(1-3)Gal + GlcNAc-6Sbeta(1-3)Gal + resistant polymer
-
Substrates: desialyzed pig colonic mucin
Products: -
Products: -
?
NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-3GlcNAc(6-2alphaNeuAc)beta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc + H2O
?
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-Cer + H2O
NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal + Glc-Cer
NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-4Galbeta1-3GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-Cer + H2O
NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-4Galbeta1-3GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal + Glc-Cer
NeuAcalpha2-6Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc + H2O
?
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
polyglycosylceramides + H2O
?
-
Substrates: in absence of sodium taurodeoxycholate conversion into at least three shorter-chain glycosphingolipids, in presence of sodium taurodeoxycholate conversion into glucosylceramide
Products: in absence of sodium taurodeoxycholate conversion into at least three shorter-chain glycosphingolipids, in presence of sodium taurodeoxycholate conversion into glucosylceramide
Products: in absence of sodium taurodeoxycholate conversion into at least three shorter-chain glycosphingolipids, in presence of sodium taurodeoxycholate conversion into glucosylceramide
?
sulfated glycosaminoglycan + H2O
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate + ?
-
Substrates: pH 6.8
Products: -
Products: -
?
Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-Cer + H2O
?
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-Cer + H2O
?
-
Substrates: no activity
Products: -
Products: -
?
Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-Cer + H2O
?
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
Galbeta1-3GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc + H2O
?
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
Galbeta1-3GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc + H2O
?
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
Galbeta1-3[Fucalpha1-4]GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc + H2O
?
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
Galbeta1-3[Fucalpha1-4]GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc + H2O
?
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-Cer + H2O
Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-3Gal + Glc-Cer
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-Cer + H2O
Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-3Gal + Glc-Cer
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc + H2O
?
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc + H2O
?
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
keratan sulfate + H2O
keratan oligosaccharides
-
Substrates: from bovine cornea
Products: more than 75% of the oligosaccharides are sulfated unbranched poly(N-acetyllactosamine) sequences, (-3/4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-)n. SO3-beta1-3Gal accounts for almost 35% of the oligosaccharide material while 40% consists of four oligosaccharides, unbranched tetrasaccharides, hexasaccharides, octasaccharides and decasaccharides of poly(N-acetyllactosamine)type, having 3, 5, 7 and 9 sulfate residues respectively. A sulfate residue is attached to the C6 position of each N-acetylglucosamine and each internal galactose residue of the four oligosaccharides
Products: more than 75% of the oligosaccharides are sulfated unbranched poly(N-acetyllactosamine) sequences, (-3/4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-)n. SO3-beta1-3Gal accounts for almost 35% of the oligosaccharide material while 40% consists of four oligosaccharides, unbranched tetrasaccharides, hexasaccharides, octasaccharides and decasaccharides of poly(N-acetyllactosamine)type, having 3, 5, 7 and 9 sulfate residues respectively. A sulfate residue is attached to the C6 position of each N-acetylglucosamine and each internal galactose residue of the four oligosaccharides
?
keratan sulfate + H2O
keratan oligosaccharides
-
Substrates: from bovine cornea
Products: GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal + sulfated disaccharides, trisaccharides, tetrasaccharides, hexasaccharides, octasaccharides and decasaccharides based on the sequence (-3/4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-), having 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 sulfate groups
Products: GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal + sulfated disaccharides, trisaccharides, tetrasaccharides, hexasaccharides, octasaccharides and decasaccharides based on the sequence (-3/4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-), having 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 sulfate groups
?
keratan sulfate + H2O
keratan oligosaccharides
-
Substrates: from bovine cornea
Products: -
Products: -
?
keratan sulfate + H2O
keratan oligosaccharides
-
Substrates: -
Products: 6-O-sulfo-GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal is the major product
Products: 6-O-sulfo-GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal is the major product
?
keratan sulfate + H2O
keratan oligosaccharides
-
Substrates: -
Products: 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-sulfo-beta-D-Gal-(1-3)-D-Gal + 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-sulfo-beta-D-Glc-(1-3)-6-O-sulfoD-Gal-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-sulfo-beta-D-Glc-(1-3)-D-Gal
Products: 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-sulfo-beta-D-Gal-(1-3)-D-Gal + 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-sulfo-beta-D-Glc-(1-3)-6-O-sulfoD-Gal-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-sulfo-beta-D-Glc-(1-3)-D-Gal
?
keratan sulfate + H2O
keratan oligosaccharides
-
Substrates: from teleost skin
Products: 6-O-sulfo-GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal is one of the major products
Products: 6-O-sulfo-GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal is one of the major products
?
keratan sulfate + H2O
keratan oligosaccharides
-
Substrates: from teleost skin
Products: GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal
Products: GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal
?
keratan sulfate + H2O
keratan oligosaccharides
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
keratan sulfate + H2O
keratan oligosaccharides
-
Substrates: from teleost skin
Products: no production of GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal
Products: no production of GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal
?
keratan sulfate + H2O
keratan oligosaccharides
-
Substrates: from teleost skin
Products: 6-O-sulfo-GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal is one of the major products
Products: 6-O-sulfo-GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal is one of the major products
?
keratan sulfate + H2O
keratan oligosaccharides
-
Substrates: keratan sulfate chains from bovine articular cartilage. Presence of fucose on N-acetylglucosamine residues in keratan sulfates protects both of the adjacent unsulfated galactose residues from keratanase cleavage
Products: GlcNAc(6S)beta1-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc(6S)beta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc(6S)beta1-3Gal-ol + GlcNAc(6S)beta1-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha-3)GlcNAc(6S)beta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc(6S)beta1-6(Galbeta1-33)GalNAc-ol
Products: GlcNAc(6S)beta1-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc(6S)beta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc(6S)beta1-3Gal-ol + GlcNAc(6S)beta1-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha-3)GlcNAc(6S)beta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc(6S)beta1-6(Galbeta1-33)GalNAc-ol
?
keratan sulfate + H2O
keratan oligosaccharides
-
Substrates: from teleost skin
Products: 6-O-sulfo-GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal is one of the major products
Products: 6-O-sulfo-GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal is one of the major products
?
keratan sulfate + H2O
keratan oligosaccharides
-
Substrates: from teleost skin
Products: GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal
Products: GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal
?
keratan sulfate + H2O
keratan oligosaccharides
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
keratan sulfate + H2O
keratan oligosaccharides
-
Substrates: from nasal carilage
Products: -
Products: -
?
neolacto-type glycosphingolipid + H2O
glucosylceramide + ?
-
Substrates: hydrolysis of the internal beta1,4-galactosyl linkage of various neolacto-type glycosphingolipids to produce glucosylceramides
Products: -
Products: -
?
neolacto-type glycosphingolipid + H2O
glucosylceramide + ?
-
Substrates: hydrolysis of the internal beta1,4-galactosyl linkage of various neolacto-type glycosphingolipids to produce glucosylceramides
Products: -
Products: -
?
NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-Cer + H2O
NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal + Glc-Cer
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-Cer + H2O
NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal + Glc-Cer
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-4Galbeta1-3GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-Cer + H2O
NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-4Galbeta1-3GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal + Glc-Cer
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-4Galbeta1-3GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-Cer + H2O
NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-4Galbeta1-3GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal + Glc-Cer
-
Substrates: no activity
Products: -
Products: -
?
NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-4Galbeta1-3GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-Cer + H2O
NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-4Galbeta1-3GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal + Glc-Cer
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: hydrolyzes the type 2 sequence Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc at about twice the rate of the type 1 isomer, Galbeta1-3GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: no activity with Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-6Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-6(Galbeta1-3)GalNAc-ol
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: AB active blood group substance can be hydrolyzed only after Smith degradation
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: induced with high efficiency in culture medium containing Smith-degraded gastric mucin
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: sialosyl substitution at the terminal galactosyl residue of lacto-N-neotetraosyl structure of paragloboside greatly enhances the hydrolyzability of the internal Galbeta1-4Glc linkage, thus producing a high yield of sialotetrasaccharide (AcNeualpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta-3Gal). The Galbeta1-4GlcNAc linkage located in the middle of the repeating Galbeta1-4GlcNAc(or Glc) unit seen in H2-glycolipid or Ab-glycolipid, (R-Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-Cer) is preferentially hydrolyzed relative to the Galbeta1-4Glc linkage directly attached to ceramide. The branched structure as is found in H3-glycolipid greatly reduces the hydrolyzability
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: hydrolyzes glycoconjugates containing N-acetyllactosamine repeating units
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: the enzyme is produced without induction by keratan sulfate
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: the enzyme is produced without induction by keratan sulfate
Products: -
Products: -
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
COMMENTARY
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: induced with high efficiency in culture medium containing Smith-degraded gastric mucin
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: the enzyme is produced without induction by keratan sulfate
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: the enzyme is produced without induction by keratan sulfate
Products: -
Products: -
?
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal
-
when assayed with lacto-N-neotetraosylceramide
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DISEASE
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
LINK TO PUBMED
Arthritis
Immunity to the G1 globular domain of the cartilage proteoglycan aggrecan can induce inflammatory erosive polyarthritis and spondylitis in BALB/c mice but immunity to G1 is inhibited by covalently bound keratan sulfate in vitro and in vivo.
Carcinoma
Simultaneous expression of keratan sulphate epitope (a sulphated poly-N-acetyllactosamine) and blood group ABH antigens in papillary carcinomas of the human thyroid gland.
Mucopolysaccharidosis IV
Development of Substrate Degradation Enzyme Therapy for Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA Murine Model.
Neoplasms
Simultaneous expression of keratan sulphate epitope (a sulphated poly-N-acetyllactosamine) and blood group ABH antigens in papillary carcinomas of the human thyroid gland.
Rheumatic Diseases
Cellular immunity to the G1 domain of cartilage proteoglycan aggrecan is enhanced in patients with rheumatoid arthritis but only after removal of keratan sulfate.
Spondylitis
Immunity to the G1 globular domain of the cartilage proteoglycan aggrecan can induce inflammatory erosive polyarthritis and spondylitis in BALB/c mice but immunity to G1 is inhibited by covalently bound keratan sulfate in vitro and in vivo.
Teratocarcinoma
The linear tetrasaccharide, Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-6Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc, isolated from radiolabeled teratocarcinoma poly-N-acetyllactosaminoglycan resists the action of E. freundii endo-beta-galactosidase.
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
5.5 - 5.8
5.5 - 5.8
-
hydrolysis of keratan sulfate from nasal cartilage or Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-Cer
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
37
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
Highest Expressing Human Cell Lines
Cell Line LinksPlease wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
30000
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SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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pH STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
4.5 - 5.5
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TEMPERATURE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
37
37
-
1 h, 50% loss of activity, bovine serum albumin, 0.4 mg/ml, prevents inactivation
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GENERAL STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
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STORAGE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
4°C, stable for at least 2-3 months at a protein concentration of 0.044 mg/ml protein, 20% loss of activity in 3 h at a protein concentration of 0.003 mg/ml
-
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PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
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CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
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APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
analysis
analysis
-
useful for studying the structure of glycoproteins and oligosaccharides
analysis
-
the enzyme can be used to distinguish between GlcNAcbeta1-6Gal and GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal units within linear backbone sequences of all known types of oligo-(N-acetyllactosamino)glycans
analysis
-
enzyme can be useful in studying the precise structures of keratan sulfates, related glycoproteins and oligosaccharides
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REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Maaheimo, H.; Penttil, L.; Renkonen, O.
Enzyme-aided construction of medium-sized alditols of complete O-linked saccharides. The constructed hexasaccharide alditol Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-6Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-6(Galbeta1-3)GalNAc-ol resists the action of endo-beta-galactosidase from Bacteroides fragilis
FEBS Lett.
349
55-59
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