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Information on EC 2.5.1.32 - 15-cis-phytoene synthase
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EC Tree
2.5.1.32 15-cis-phytoene synthaseIUBMB Comments
Requires Mn2+ for activity. The enzyme condenses two molecules of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to give prephytoene diphosphate, followed by rearrangement of the cyclopropylcarbinyl intermediate to 15-cis-phytoene.
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Word Map
- 2.5.1.32
-
carotenoid
-
desaturase
-
carotenogenic
-
ripening
-
carotenogenesis
- orange
- zeaxanthin
- carotene
- astaxanthin
- lutein
- capsicum
-
xanthophyl
- annuum
- xanthophyllomyces
-
provitamin
-
apocarotenoids
- dendrorhous
- violaxanthin
- zeta-carotene
- chromoplast
- nutrition
- alpha-carotene
- ananatis
- pantoea
- krabbe
- canthaxanthin
- analysis
- phaffia
- dunaliella
-
9-cis-epoxycarotenoid
-
ketolase
- uredovora
- pluvialis
- food industry
-
ketocarotenoids
- norflurazon
- beta-cryptoxanthin
-
beta-cyclase
-
carra
- haematococcus
-
biofortification
- biotechnology
- agriculture
-
galcs
- rhodozyma
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota, Archaea
Reaction Schemes
Synonyms
psy, phytoene synthase, crtyb, phytoene synthase 1, psy protein, phytoene synthetase, zmpsy1, phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase, egcrtb, tapsy3, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
CitPsy
CrtB
crtYB
EgcrtB
geranylgeranyl-diphosphate geranylgeranyltransferase
-
-
-
-
phytoene synthase
phytoene synthase 2
phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase
phytoene synthetase
-
-
-
-
phytoene-synthetase
-
-
-
-
prephytoene-diphosphate synthase
-
-
-
-
Psase
-
-
-
-
PSY
PSY protein
PSY1
PSY1a
PSY1b
PSY2
PSY3
synthetase, phytoene
-
-
-
-
phytoene synthase
-
-
-
-
phytoene synthase 2
Capsicum annuum MicroPep Yellow
-
-
-
PSY
-
-
-
-
PSY
-
An ancient gene duplication event leads to a class I PSY (I) and a class II PSY (II) in Haptophyta, Rhodophyta, Heterokontophyta as well as Pelagophyceae and Prasinophyceae. Both PSY classes share the essential characteristics of PSY including predicted substrate-Mg2+-binding sites (Aspartate-rich regions) and catalytic residues. Major differences between the two PSY classes appear to exist only in regions not essential to the enzymatic function.
PSY
-
Chlorophyceae, Streptophyta and Cyanophyta expresses class I PSY (I)
PSY
-
Chlorophyceae, Streptophyta and Cyanophyta expresses class I PSY (I)
PSY
-
An ancient gene duplication event leads to a class I PSY (I) and a class II PSY (II) in Haptophyta, Rhodophyta, Heterokontophyta as well as Pelagophyceae and Prasinophyceae. Both PSY classes share the essential characteristics of PSY including predicted substrate-Mg2+-binding sites (Aspartate-rich regions) and catalytic residues. Major differences between the two PSY classes appear to exist only in regions not essential to the enzymatic function.
PSY
Chlorophyceae, Streptophyta and Cyanophyta expresses class I PSY (I)
PSY
Chlorophyceae, Streptophyta and Cyanophyta expresses class I PSY (I)
PSY
Chlorophyceae, Streptophyta and Cyanophyta expresses class I PSY (I)
PSY
-
An ancient gene duplication event leads to a class I PSY (I) and a class II PSY (II) in Haptophyta, Rhodophyta, Heterokontophyta as well as Pelagophyceae and Prasinophyceae. Both PSY classes share the essential characteristics of PSY including predicted substrate-Mg2+-binding sites (Aspartate-rich regions) and catalytic residues. Major differences between the two PSY classes appear to exist only in regions not essential to the enzymatic function.
PSY
Chlorophyceae, Streptophyta and Cyanophyta expresses class I PSY (I)
PSY
-
An ancient gene duplication event leads to a class I PSY (I) and a class II PSY (II) in Haptophyta, Rhodophyta, Heterokontophyta as well as Pelagophyceae and Prasinophyceae. Both PSY classes share the essential characteristics of PSY including predicted substrate-Mg2+-binding sites (Aspartate-rich regions) and catalytic residues. Major differences between the two PSY classes appear to exist only in regions not essential to the enzymatic function.
PSY
-
An ancient gene duplication event leads to a class I PSY (I) and a class II PSY (II) in Haptophyta, Rhodophyta, Heterokontophyta as well as Pelagophyceae and Prasinophyceae. Both PSY classes share the essential characteristics of PSY including predicted substrate-Mg2+-binding sites (Aspartate-rich regions) and catalytic residues. Major differences between the two PSY classes appear to exist only in regions not essential to the enzymatic function.
PSY
-
Chlorophyceae, Streptophyta and Cyanophyta expresses class I PSY (I)
PSY
-
An ancient gene duplication event leads to a class I PSY (I) and a class II PSY (II) in Haptophyta, Rhodophyta, Heterokontophyta as well as Pelagophyceae and Prasinophyceae. Both PSY classes share the essential characteristics of PSY including predicted substrate-Mg2+-binding sites (Aspartate-rich regions) and catalytic residues. Major differences between the two PSY classes appear to exist only in regions not essential to the enzymatic function.
PSY
-
An ancient gene duplication event leads to a class I PSY (I) and a class II PSY (II) in Haptophyta, Rhodophyta, Heterokontophyta as well as Pelagophyceae and Prasinophyceae. Both PSY classes share the essential characteristics of PSY including predicted substrate-Mg2+-binding sites (Aspartate-rich regions) and catalytic residues. Major differences between the two PSY classes appear to exist only in regions not essential to the enzymatic function.
PSY
-
An ancient gene duplication event leads to a class I PSY (I) and a class II PSY (II) in Haptophyta, Rhodophyta, Heterokontophyta as well as Pelagophyceae and Prasinophyceae. Both PSY classes share the essential characteristics of PSY including predicted substrate-Mg2+-binding sites (Aspartate-rich regions) and catalytic residues. Major differences between the two PSY classes appear to exist only in regions not essential to the enzymatic function.
PSY
-
An ancient gene duplication event leads to a class I PSY (I) and a class II PSY (II) in Haptophyta, Rhodophyta, Heterokontophyta as well as Pelagophyceae and Prasinophyceae. Both PSY classes share the essential characteristics of PSY including predicted substrate-Mg2+-binding sites (Aspartate-rich regions) and catalytic residues. Major differences between the two PSY classes appear to exist only in regions not essential to the enzymatic function.
PSY
Chlorophyceae, Streptophyta and Cyanophyta expresses class I PSY (I)
PSY
Chlorophyceae, Streptophyta and Cyanophyta expresses class I PSY (I)
PSY
-
Chlorophyceae, Streptophyta and Cyanophyta expresses class I PSY (I)
PSY1
-
in poaceae there are three genes encoding PSY, which are expressed in different pattern providing fine control of carotenogenesis that serves numerous physiological purposes
PSY1
Sorghum sp.
-
in poaceae there are three genes encoding PSY, which are expressed in different pattern providing fine control of carotenogenesis that serves numerous physiological purposes
PSY1
-
in poaceae there are three genes encoding PSY, which are expressed in different pattern providing fine control of carotenogenesis that serves numerous physiological purposes
PSY2
Capsicum annuum MicroPep Yellow
-
-
-
PSY2
-
in poaceae there are three genes encoding PSY, which are expressed in different pattern providing fine control of carotenogenesis that serves numerous physiological purposes
PSY2
Sorghum sp.
-
in poaceae there are three genes encoding PSY, which are expressed in different pattern providing fine control of carotenogenesis that serves numerous physiological purposes
PSY2
-
in poaceae there are three genes encoding PSY, which are expressed in different pattern providing fine control of carotenogenesis that serves numerous physiological purposes
PSY3
-
in poaceae there are three genes encoding PSY, which are expressed in different pattern providing fine control of carotenogenesis that serves numerous physiological purposes
PSY3
Sorghum sp.
-
in poaceae there are three genes encoding PSY, which are expressed in different pattern providing fine control of carotenogenesis that serves numerous physiological purposes
PSY3
-
in poaceae there are three genes encoding PSY, which are expressed in different pattern providing fine control of carotenogenesis that serves numerous physiological purposes
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate = 15-cis-phytoene + 2 diphosphate
overall reaction
-
-
-
2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate = diphosphate + prephytoene diphosphate
1a
-
-
-
prephytoene diphosphate = 15-cis-phytoene + diphosphate
1b
-
-
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
alkenyl group tranfer
-
-
-
-
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
geranylgeranyl-diphosphate:geranylgeranyl-diphosphate geranylgeranyltransferase (15-cis-phytoene forming)
Requires Mn2+ for activity. The enzyme condenses two molecules of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to give prephytoene diphosphate, followed by rearrangement of the cyclopropylcarbinyl intermediate to 15-cis-phytoene.
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
50936-61-3
-
57219-66-6
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate
15-cis-phytoene + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
?
2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate
15-cis-phytoene + 2 diphosphate
overall reaction
-
-
?
2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate
15-cis-phytoene + 2 diphosphate
overall reaction
-
-
?
2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate
15-cis-phytoene + 2 diphosphate
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway
-
-
?
2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate
15-cis-phytoene + 2 diphosphate
Phaffia rhodozyma CGMCC As2.1557
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
the same enzyme catalyzes two consecutive reactions: 1. the synthesis of prephytoene diphosphate and 2. the synthesis of phytoene
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
Capsicum sp.
-
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
Capsicum sp.
-
the enzyme is involved in the pathway of phytoene synthesis
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
Citrus sp.
-
-
-
-
ir
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
Citrus sp.
-
enzyme is involved in carotenoid biosynthesis, pathway overview
-
-
ir
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
key enzyme in astaxanthin biosynthesis. Application of environmental stress results in increased steady-state mRNA level, light-induced expression of the gene may be under photosynthetic control
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
controlling key enzyme in carotenoid biosynthesis in chloroplasts, the enzyme expression is regulated during leaf development/expansion
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
first fully photoinduced step in carotenogenesis
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
first of four specific enzymes necessary for beta-carotene biosynthesis in plants
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
Narcissus sp.
-
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
the same enzyme catalyzes two consecutive reactions: 1. the synthesis of prephytoene diphosphate and 2. the synthesis of phytoene
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
first pathway-specific step in carotenoid biosynthesis
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
the same enzyme catalyzes two consecutive reactions: 1. the synthesis of prephytoene diphosphate and 2. the synthesis of phytoene
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
phytoene synthase-2 enzyme activity in tomato does not contribute to carotenoid synthesis in ripening fruit
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
the same enzyme catalyzes two consecutive reactions: 1. the synthesis of prephytoene diphosphate and 2. the synthesis of phytoene
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
prephytoene diphosphate
phytoene + diphosphate
-
the same enzyme catalyzes two consecutive reactions: 1. the synthesis of prephytoene diphosphate and 2. the synthesis of phytoene
-
?
prephytoene diphosphate
phytoene + diphosphate
-
the same enzyme catalyzes two consecutive reactions: 1. the synthesis of prephytoene diphosphate and 2. the synthesis of phytoene
15,15'-Z-phytoene is the sole product
?
prephytoene diphosphate
phytoene + diphosphate
-
the same enzyme catalyzes two consecutive reactions: 1. the synthesis of prephytoene diphosphate and 2. the synthesis of phytoene
-
-
?
prephytoene diphosphate
phytoene + diphosphate
-
the phytoene formed in vitro is present in both a 15-cis and all-trans isomeric configuration
-
-
?
prephytoene diphosphate
phytoene + diphosphate
-
the same enzyme catalyzes two consecutive reactions: 1. the synthesis of prephytoene diphosphate and 2. the synthesis of phytoene
-
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate
15-cis-phytoene + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
?
2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate
15-cis-phytoene + 2 diphosphate
overall reaction
-
-
?
2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate
15-cis-phytoene + 2 diphosphate
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway
-
-
?
2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate
15-cis-phytoene + 2 diphosphate
Phaffia rhodozyma CGMCC As2.1557
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
Capsicum sp.
-
the enzyme is involved in the pathway of phytoene synthesis
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
Citrus sp.
-
enzyme is involved in carotenoid biosynthesis, pathway overview
-
-
ir
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
key enzyme in astaxanthin biosynthesis. Application of environmental stress results in increased steady-state mRNA level, light-induced expression of the gene may be under photosynthetic control
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
controlling key enzyme in carotenoid biosynthesis in chloroplasts, the enzyme expression is regulated during leaf development/expansion
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
first fully photoinduced step in carotenogenesis
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
first of four specific enzymes necessary for beta-carotene biosynthesis in plants
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
first pathway-specific step in carotenoid biosynthesis
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
prephytoene diphosphate + diphosphate
-
phytoene synthase-2 enzyme activity in tomato does not contribute to carotenoid synthesis in ripening fruit
-
-
?
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Mg2+
Mn2+
additional information
Mn2+
-
absolute requirement for Mn2+, half-maximal activity at 0.2 mM. No other divalent cation can substitute efficiently for Mn2+
Mn2+
-
Mn2+ and ATP in combination are essential for catalytic activity, the effect is stoichiometric from 0.5-2.0 mM. Km for Mn2+ is 0.4 mM
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE