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Enzyme Nomenclature
Information on EC 2.7.1.30 - glycerol kinase
Word Map on EC 2.7.1.30
- 2.7.1.30
- glycerol-3-phosphate
- adrenal
- triglyceride
-
hypoplasia
- muscular
- 3-phosphate
- dystrophy
-
duchenne
- adipose
- hexokinase
- fructose
-
x-linked
- phosphoenolpyruvate
- dihydroxyacetone
-
glycerophosphate
- congenita
-
carboxykinase
- triacylglycerols
-
iiaglc
-
phosphocarrier
- 1,6-bisphosphate
-
lipolysis
- l-alpha-glycerophosphate
- glycosomal
- sn-glycerol
- d-glyceraldehyde
- 1,3-propanediol
-
glucose-specific
- hypogonadism
-
dissimilation
-
co-immobilized
-
glyceroneogenesis
- sn-glycerol-3-phosphate
-
phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar
-
glyceride
-
hypogonadotropic
-
microdeletion
-
phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent
- synthesis
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Specify your search results
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria, Archaea
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EC NUMBER 
COMMENTARY 
2.7.1.30
-
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RECOMMENDED NAME
GeneOntology No.
glycerol kinase
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
ATP + glycerol = ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
glycerone and L-glyceraldehyde can act as acceptors, in some organisms UTP, ITP or GTP can act as donors
-
-
-
ATP + glycerol = ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
ordered bi bi mechanism with glycerol adding before the magnesium nucleotide and L-glycerol 3-phosphate are released
Candida mycoderma
-
ATP + glycerol = ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
ordered mechanism with glycerol as the first substrate to bind
-
ATP + glycerol = ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
fructose 1,6-diphosphate regulates equilibrium of dimer-tetramer, mechanism of inhibition
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
phospho group transfer
-
-
-
-
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PATHWAY
BRENDA Link
KEGG Link
MetaCyc Link
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
ATP:glycerol 3-phosphotransferase
Glycerone and L-glyceraldehyde can act as acceptors; UTP (and, in the case of the yeast enzyme, ITP and GTP) can act as donors.
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9030-66-4
-
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
there are five glycerol kinase-like genes in Drosophila melanogaster. The locus CG18374, located at 61B2, is the closest homolog to the X-linked glycosyl kinase gene in Homo sapiens, sharing 53% identity. Another close homolog CG7995 (located at 62B1) shares 48% homology to the human glycerol kinase. Three other loci CG1271 at 63A3, CG1216 at 61B2, and CG8298 at 48D5 do not share the same degree of homology. Most key functional residues are missing in CG1216 suggesting it has no glycerol kinase activity.; there are five glycerol kinase-like genes in Drosophila melanogaster.
-
-
glycerol kinase from Cellulomonas sp. is used to develop a bisensor based on flow calorimetry for quantitative analysis of glycerol during bioconversion process. Thermomeric glycerol sensor employs flow calorimeter equipped with a column packed with immobilized glycerol kinase. The glycerol kinase from Escherichia coli is able to detect glycerol in samples, but the linearity range and sensitibity are rather low and the calibration line does not pass through the origin of calibration dependence. The enzyme from Cellulomonas sp. provides a similar trend but significantly better results. The immobilized enzyme stability is excellent. The immobilized enzyme column is stored at 4°C. It can do 1 month of total operation time at 30°C with no significant loss of sensitivity. No interference with 1,3-propanediol and fermentation medium is observable.
-
-
-
641287, 641294, 641295, 641297, 641298, 641300, 641303, 641309, 641311, 641317, 641320, 661122, 701908
-
-
glycerol kinase from Escherichia coli is tested to develop a bisensor based on flow calorimetry for quantitative analysis of glycerol during bioconversion process. Thermomeric glycerol sensor employs flow calorimeter equipped with a column packed with immobilized glycerol kinase. The glycerol kinase from Escherichia coli is able to detect glycerol in samples, but the linearity range and sensitibity are rather low and the calibration line does not pass through the origin of calibration dependence, so that the Escherichia coli enzyme is not used.
-
-
Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty and rosiglitazone-treated Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats, all male and 4 weeks old.
-
-
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
malfunction
physiological function
malfunction
-
a glycerol kinase knockout strain is incapable to grow on glycerol and shows higher NADPH-dependent xylitol production compared to the wild type strain
malfunction
-
a glycerol kinase knockout strain is incapable to grow on glycerol and shows higher NADPH-dependent xylitol production compared to the wild type strain
-
physiological function
-
the enzyme is essential for energy metabolism
physiological function
-
glycerol kinase expression leads to increased fat storage in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells
physiological function
-
the enzyme is essential for energy metabolism
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ATP + D-glyceraldehyde
ADP + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
ATP + glycerol
-
-
-
r
ATP + dihydroxyacetone
ADP + dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Candida mycoderma
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + dihydroxyacetone
ADP + dihydroxyacetone phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + dihydroxyacetone
ADP + dihydroxyacetone phosphate
-
-
-
-
-
ATP + glycerol
?
-
enzyme functions primarily in the utilization of glycerol as a carbon and energy source
-
-
-
ATP + glycerol
?
-
higher organisms: salvage of glycerol released upon lipolysis
-
-
-
ATP + glycerol
?
-
key enzyme for glycerol use in phospholipid synthesis
-
-
-
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
Candida mycoderma
-
-
-
-
-
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
Candida mycoderma
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
-
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
only glycerol active as phosphoryl group acceptor
-
-
ir
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
key enzyme of glycerol metabolism in bacteria, phosphorylation of glycerol prevents diffusion through membrane
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
-
-
-
-
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
high specificity for ATP, no other ribonucleoside triphosphate utilized
-
-
ir
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
high specificity for ATP, no other ribonucleoside triphosphate utilized
i.e. L-alpha-glycerophosphate
-
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
-
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
key enzyme of glycerol metabolism in bacteria, phosphorylation of glycerol prevents diffusion through membrane
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
enzyme deficiency causes hyperglycerolemia and glyceroluria
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme deficiency causes hyperglycerolemia and glyceroluria, provides glycerol 3-phosphate which is an important intermediate between glucose and lipid metabolism
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
involved in fat and carbohydrate metabolism, glycerol 3-phosphate is important for the synthesis of glycerides, glycerol lipids and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
involved in fat and carbohydrate metabolism, glycerol 3-phosphate is important for the synthesis of glycerides, glycerol lipids and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
Mycobacterium butyricum
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
weak: GTP, CTP, UTP, ITP
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
trout
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
CTP or UTP are as effective as ATP, not: GTP
-
-
r
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme can utilize only ATP as phosphoryl group donor
-
-
?
ATP + L-glyceraldehyde
ADP + L-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glyceraldehyde
ADP + L-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
-
-
-
-
-
ATP + mercaptopropanediol
1-mercaptopropanediol 1-phosphate + ADP
Candida mycoderma
-
-
-
-
-
ATP + mercaptopropanediol
1-mercaptopropanediol 1-phosphate + ADP
Candida mycoderma
-
-
-
?
CTP + glycerol
CDP + glycerol 3-phosphate
-
14% of the activity with ATP
-
-
?
UTP + glycerol
UDP + glycerol 3-phosphate
-
7% of the activity with ATP
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Candida mycoderma
-
D-glyceraldehyde promotes conversion of ATP to ADP + phosphate
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
Candida mycoderma
-
overview: enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of 28 nitrogen-, sulfur- and alkyl-substituted analogues of glycerol, phosphorylated products have stereochemistry analogous to that of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
D-glyceraldehyde promotes conversion of ATP to ADP + phosphate
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
overview: enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of 28 nitrogen-, sulfur- and alkyl-substituted analogues of glycerol, phosphorylated products have stereochemistry analogous to that of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
phosphate rather than D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is formed, the hydrated form of this triose is phosphorylated in position 1 to yield an unstable intermediate that decomposes to D-glyceraldehyde + phosphate
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
overview: enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of 28 nitrogen-, sulfur- and alkyl-substituted analogues of glycerol, phosphorylated products have stereochemistry analogous to that of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
overview: enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of 28 nitrogen-, sulfur- and alkyl-substituted analogues of glycerol, phosphorylated products have stereochemistry analogous to that of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
-
-
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NATURAL SUBSTRATES
NATURAL PRODUCTS
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ATP + glycerol
?
-
enzyme functions primarily in the utilization of glycerol as a carbon and energy source
-
-
-
ATP + glycerol
?
-
higher organisms: salvage of glycerol released upon lipolysis
-
-
-
ATP + glycerol
?
-
key enzyme for glycerol use in phospholipid synthesis
-
-
-
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
key enzyme of glycerol metabolism in bacteria, phosphorylation of glycerol prevents diffusion through membrane
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
key enzyme of glycerol metabolism in bacteria, phosphorylation of glycerol prevents diffusion through membrane
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
P32189
enzyme deficiency causes hyperglycerolemia and glyceroluria
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
enzyme deficiency causes hyperglycerolemia and glyceroluria, provides glycerol 3-phosphate which is an important intermediate between glucose and lipid metabolism
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
involved in fat and carbohydrate metabolism, glycerol 3-phosphate is important for the synthesis of glycerides, glycerol lipids and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
-
-
?
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
involved in fat and carbohydrate metabolism, glycerol 3-phosphate is important for the synthesis of glycerides, glycerol lipids and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
-
-
?
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
KCl
Mg2+
Mn2+
additional information
Mg2+
-
ommision of Mg2+ abolishes activity; other metal ions cannot substitute for Mg2+
Mg2+
-
maximum with 2.5 mM Mg2+; other metal ions cannot substitute for Mg2+; required
Mn2+
-
can substitute for Mg2+; less active at equal molar concentration than Mg2+
additional information
-
other metal ions cannot substitute for Mg2+
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INHIBITORS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
cytosolic subunit of the glucose-specific phosphotransferase system
-
allosteric inhibition
-
glucose-specific phosphocarrier protein of the phosphoenolpyruvate:glucose phosphotransferase system
-
-
-
glucose-specific phosphocarrier protein of the phosphoenolpyruvate:glucose phosphotransferase system (IIA(Glc))
-
allosteric inhibitor
-
L-alpha-glycerophosphate
-
no inhibition up to 3 mM in presence of 0.1 M glycerol
phosphocarrier protein IIAGlc
-
the unphosphorylated form of the phosphocarrier protein IIAGlc is an allosteric inhibitor of Escherichia coli glycerol kinase
-
Procion Blue MX-3G
-
5 mM, inactivates after a period of increased activity
fructose 1,6-diphosphate
-
normal enzyme is inhibited, genetically altered enzyme not, inhibition is reduced by high pH, high ionic strength or 0.2 M guanidine HCl
fructose 1,6-diphosphate
-
inhibition is associated with oligomerization
glycerol 3-phosphate
-
up to 10 mM, no product inhibition of the forward reaction
N-ethylmaleimide
-
protection by: glycerol propane-1,2-diol, ATP, ADP, AMP, cAMP, no protection by: Mg2+, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, propane-1,3-diol
additional information
-
regulation of activity by allosteric inhibition through complex formation with enzyme IIAGlc
-
additional information
not regulated by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
-
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
rosiglitazone
-
rosiglitazone treatment markebly increases glycerol kinase mRNA expression in both the mesenteric and epididymal adipose tissues (1085.9% and 523.8% of the abundance in Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka rats, respectively). The magnitude of glycerol kinase induced by rosiglitazone is significantly greater in the mesenteric fat than in the epididymal fat.
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.24
ADP
in 0.1 M MOPS buffer (pH 6.8) containing 1 mM EDTA, 5 mM MgSO4, temperature not specified in the publication
0.37
ADP
-
in 0.1 M MOPS buffer (pH 6.8) containing 1 mM EDTA, 5 mM MgSO4, temperature not specified in the publication
0.69
ADP
in 0.1 M MOPS buffer (pH 6.8) containing 1 mM EDTA, 5 mM MgSO4, temperature not specified in the publication
0.095
ATP
enzyme source: crude extract from diapause eggs exposed to 5°C for 200 days, Bombyx mori has 3 glycerol kinase genes; enzyme source: crude extract from diapause eggs exposed to 5°C for 200 days, Bombyx mori has 3 glycerol kinase genes
0.32
glycerol
enzyme source: crude extract from diapause eggs exposed to 5°C for 200 days, Bombyx mori has 3 glycerol kinase genes; enzyme source: crude extract from diapause eggs exposed to 5°C for 200 days, Bombyx mori has 3 glycerol kinase genes
1.09
sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
in 0.1 M MOPS buffer (pH 6.8) containing 1 mM EDTA, 5 mM MgSO4, temperature not specified in the publication
1.13
sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
-
in 0.1 M MOPS buffer (pH 6.8) containing 1 mM EDTA, 5 mM MgSO4, temperature not specified in the publication
1.37
sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
in 0.1 M MOPS buffer (pH 6.8) containing 1 mM EDTA, 5 mM MgSO4, temperature not specified in the publication
additional information
additional information
-
assay at 25°C, increasing pH or decreasing temperature rises Km for glycerol
-
additional information
additional information
-
2 Km-values with respect to glycerol may correspond to two different molecular species
-
additional information
additional information
-
2 Km-values with respect to glycerol may correspond to two different molecular species
-
additional information
additional information
-
2 Km-values with respect to glycerol may correspond to two different molecular species
-
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TURNOVER NUMBER [1/s]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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kcat/KM VALUE [1/mMs-1]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
29000
glycerol
Cellulomonas sp.
D0VZG4
mutant enzyme A344V/T386I/F388Y, at pH 7.5 and 37°C
135
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Ki VALUE [mM]
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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IC50 VALUE [mM]
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.001 - 0.01
glucose-specific phosphocarrier protein of the phosphoenolpyruvate:glucose phosphotransferase system (IIA(Glc))
-
0.001
glucose-specific phosphocarrier protein of the phosphoenolpyruvate:glucose phosphotransferase system (IIA(Glc))
Escherichia coli
-
E478C mutant protein; in the presence of ZnCl2
-
0.01
glucose-specific phosphocarrier protein of the phosphoenolpyruvate:glucose phosphotransferase system (IIA(Glc))
Escherichia coli
-
wild-type protein
-
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SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
0.054
-
recombinant enzyme, using 1% methanol as carbon sources in the medium, at pH 9.8 and 30°C
0.13
-
recombinant enzyme, using 1% glycerol and 1% methanol as carbon sources in the medium, at pH 9.8 and 30°C
additional information
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
10
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pH RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
5 - 7
-
the enzyme shows 45-100% over a wide range of pH (5.0-7.0) at 37°C. Activity is almost zero up to pH 4.5, but declines relatively slower in the alkaline side
6.8 - 10.5
-
pH 6.8: about 30% of maximum activity, pH 10.5: about 80% of maximum activity
7 - 9.5
7 - 9.5
-
pH 7: about 20% of maximum activity, pH 9.5: about 25% of maximum activity
7 - 9.5
-
pH 7: about 20% of maximum activity, pH 9.5: about 25% of maximum activity
7 - 9.5
-
pH 7: about 20% of maximum activity, pH 9.5: about 25% of maximum activity
7 - 9.5
-
pH 7: about 20% of maximum activity, pH 9.5: about 25% of maximum activity
7 - 9.5
-
pH 7: about 20% of maximum activity, pH 9.5: about 25% of maximum activity
7 - 9.5
-
pH 7: about 20% of maximum activity, pH 9.5: about 25% of maximum activity
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
25
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TEMPERATURE RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
30 - 80
-
30°C: about 50% of maximum activity, 80°C: about 65% of maximum activity
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
There is no difference in glycerol mRNA level between control 3T3-L1 adipocytes and 3T3-L1 Aqp7-RNAi transfected adipocytes, whereas a 4fold enzymatic activation of glycerol kinase is observable in Aqp7 knockout adipocytes (activity assay: 50 mM TrisHCl, pH 7.2, 5 mM ATP, 10 mM MgCl2, 100 mM KCl, 2.5 mM DTT, 4 mM glycerol, 500 microM 3H-glycerol, for 90 min at 37°C).
-
Aqp7-/- knockout mice have significantly lower plasma glycerol level under 12 h fasting conditions.
-
from patients with enzyme deficiency and normal individuals
-
pancreatic islets and pancreas. The glycerol kinase mRNA level in the Aqp7-/- pancreatic islets is 655% that in Aqp7+/+ islets. The glycerol activity is increased in both total pancreases and islets isolated from Aqp7-/- mice compared with those isolated from Aqp+/+ mice (tested with cell homogenates, activity assay: 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.2, 5 mM ATP, 10 mM MgCl2, 100 mM KCl, 2.5 mM dithiothreitol, 4 mM glycerol, 50 microM [14C]glycerol, for 3 h at 37°C). The absence of AQP7 is associated with a moderate increase in the glycerol content of the total pancreas. There is a 2fold increase in the glycerol content of pancreatic islets isolated from Aqp7-/- mice compared with those from Aqp7+/+ mice.
additional information
-
There is no difference in the mRNA levels and activities of adipose glycerol kinase between Aqp7-/- and Aqp7+/+ mice at 10 weeks of age. Adipose glycerol kinase activity of Aqp7-/- mice is significantly higher than that of wild type mice under the 12 h fasting state. The fat pads of the Aqp7-/- knockout mice are significantily larger than those of wild type mice at 20 weeks of age.
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glycerol kinase mRNA tends to increase by 2.5fold in the mesenteric fat from Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats compared to Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka rats. A small increase in glycerol kinase mRNA expression is detected in the epididymal fat from Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats compared with Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka rats (124.5%). Rosiglitazone treatment markebly increases glycerol kinase mRNA expression in both the mesenteric and epididymal adipose tissues (1085.9% and 523.8% of the abundance in Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka rats, respectively). The magnitude of glycerol kinase induced by rosiglitazone is significantly greater in the mesenteric fat than in the epididymal fat.
-
glycerol kinase expression in hepatic tissues shows no significant difference between the experimental groups
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
-
gene contains PTS1-like targeting sequence for glycosomal localization
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PDB
SCOP
CATH
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
Thermococcus kodakarensis (strain ATCC BAA-918 / JCM 12380 / KOD1)
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
50000
56000
58000
60000
113000
-
light scattering, dimer peak in the absence of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, G230D mutant
127000
-
light scattering, dimer peak in the presence of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, G230D mutant
177000
-
light scattering, dimer peak in the absence of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, wild type enzyme
227000
-
light scattering, tetramer peak (about 2% of the principal peak) in the absence of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, G230D mutant
391000
-
light scattering, tetramer peak (about 9% of the principal peak) in the absence of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, wild type enzyme
60000
-
2 or 4 * 60000, in solution, the enzyme exists in a dimer-tetramer equilibrium
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SUBUNITS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
dimer
dimer or tetramer
-
2 or 4 * 60000, in solution, the enzyme exists in a dimer-tetramer equilibrium
homodimer
homotetramer
-
dimer-tetramer equilibrium in solution, tetramer in the crystal
tetramer
?
x * 50000, SDS-PAGE; x * 56200, calculated from amino acid sequence
?
-
x * 50000, SDS-PAGE; x * 56200, calculated from amino acid sequence
-
?
x * 50000, SDS-PAGE; x * 54600, calculated from amino acid sequence
dimer
-
light scattering analysis confirmed G230D is a dimer and is resistant to tetramer formation in the presence of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, whereas the wild type enzyme dimers are converted into putatively inactive tetramers in the presence of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
homodimer
2 x 57289 (501 residues plus an additional six N-terminal residues from the linker region), mass spectrometry
tetramer
-
4 * 55000-57000, equilibrium ultracentrifugation in presence of 6 M guanidine HCl, SDS-PAGE
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POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
phosphoprotein
additional information
-
activity is enhanced phosphorylation of His232
phosphoprotein
-
phosphorylation at His232 activates the kinase 10-15-fold
phosphoprotein
-
can be phosphorylated causing slight increase in activity
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Crystallization/COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
crystals are obtained by the hanging-drop technique from a solution containing 29% polyethylene glycol 400, 0.1 M sodium acetate pH 4.5, 0.1 M calcium acetate and 10% glycerol. The crystals can grow in the presence of 33% PEG 400, which allows to mount the crystals and directyl flash-cool them. Repeated flash-annealing causes a significant decrease in the averaged mosaicity along with an increase in the overall peak counts of reflections and an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio. Individual reflection-profile analysis reveales a mostly dual domain structure, showing the minimization of one domain as a result of flash-annealing.
-
crystals of native and mutant enzyme with bound glycerol, hanging drop vapor diffusion method
-
in complex with glycerol, in presence and absence of fructose 1,6-diphosphate, mechanism
-
of wild type and mutant A65T, both in complex with glycerol and ADP, and of mutant I474D, in complex with IIAGlc
-
the crystal structure of glycerol kinase mutant G230D is determined to 2.0 A resolution using a microfluidics based crystallization platform; using modified microfluidic scale-up diffraction device, crystals form after one week at ambient temperature unter crystallization conditions 0.3 M magnesium chloride, 0.1 M TrisHCl (pH 8.5), and 20% PEG 1500. Using vapor diffusion crystallization, crystals appear after one week at ambient temperature using the crystallization conditions 0.1 M magnesium chloride, 0.1 M TrisHCl (pH 8.5), and 10% PEG 1500. Glycerol kinase of the mutant G230D crystallied in space group P21 with two tetramers of 222 point symmetry in the asu. The average B factor for the overall structure of the G230D mutant is 21.2 A2.
-
crystals are grown at 20°C by the sitting-drop vapour diffusion method. Native X-ray diffraction data are collected to 2.4 A resolution using synchrotron radiation at station BL44XU of SPring-8. The crystal belongs to the rhombohedral space group R3, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 217.48, c = 66.48 A. The protein is also cocrystallized with substrates and diffraction data are collected to 2.7 A resolution
using sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method at 293 K. Native Tk-glycerol kinase crystals appear after a few days using Wizard I solution No. 25 (0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 0.2 M MgCl2, 30% PEG 400). Diffraction spots sufficient for structural determination at high resolution are not obtained when a crystal of Tk-glycerol kinase is mounted on a CryoLoop without cryoprotectant, diffraction patterns of the crystal are improved by using Paratone-N as cryoprotectant. Native X-ray diffraction data are collected to 2.4 A resolution using synchrotron radiation at station BL44XU of SPring-8. The crystals belong to the rhombohedral space group R3, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 217.48, c = 66.48 A. Assuming the presence of two molecules in the asymmetric unit, the VM value is 2.7 A3Da-1 and the solvent content is 54.1%.
-
in complex with substrates, sitting drop vapor diffusion method, using M HEPES pH 7.5, 11% (v/v) hexane-1,6-diol, 25% (w/v) PEG400
-
sitting drop vapor diffusion method, using 30% (w/v) PEG 400 and 100 mM HEPES pH 7.0, at 20°C
-
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pH STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
6.7
Candida mycoderma
-
highest stability
641286
additional information
-
glycerol affords considerable stabilization at the unfavorable pH values, glycerol kinases from microorganisms most stable at a neutral pH, glycerol kinases from higher organisms most stable in an acidic pH range
641287
5
-
0°C, 24 h, complete loss of activity, 30°C, 30 min, 75% loss of activity
641287
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TEMPERATURE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
20
50
53 - 60
the melting temperature is 53°C, and the half-life at 60°C is 4 min
60
70
additional information
60
-
in presence of 10 mM glycerol and 1 mM EDTA almost all glycerol kinases can be heated for prolonged periods
60
-
in presence of 10 mM glycerol and 1 mM EDTA almost all glycerol kinases can be heated for prolonged periods
60
-
in presence of 10 mM glycerol and 1 mM EDTA almost all glycerol kinases can be heated for prolonged periods
60
Candida mycoderma
-
in presence of 10 mM glycerol and 1 mM EDTA almost all glycerol kinases can be heated for prolonged periods
60
-
in presence of 10 mM glycerol and 1 mM EDTA almost all glycerol kinases can be heated for prolonged periods
60
-
in presence of 10 mM glycerol and 1 mM EDTA almost all glycerol kinases can be heated for prolonged periods
60
-
in presence of 10 mM glycerol and 1 mM EDTA almost all glycerol kinases can be heated for prolonged periods
60
-
in presence of 10 mM glycerol and 1 mM EDTA almost all glycerol kinases can be heated for prolonged periods
60
-
in presence of 10 mM glycerol and 1 mM EDTA almost all glycerol kinases can be heated for prolonged periods
60
-
in presence of 10 mM glycerol and 1 mM EDTA almost all glycerol kinases can be heated for prolonged periods