Any feedback?
Information on EC 6.3.2.11 - carnosine synthase
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC6.3.2.11Please wait a moment until all data is loaded. This message will disappear when all data is loaded.
EC Tree
6.3.2.11 carnosine synthaseIUBMB Comments
This enzyme was thought to form AMP [1,2], but studies with highly purified enzyme proved that it forms ADP . Carnosine is a dipeptide that is present at high concentrations in skeletal muscle and the olfactory bulb of vertebrates . It is also found in the skeletal muscle of some invertebrates. The enzyme can also catalyse the formation of homocarnosine from 4-aminobutanoate and L-histidine, with much lower activity .
Specify your search results
Word Map
The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
Synonyms
carnosine synthase, carnosine synthetase, carns, atpgd1, homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase, 
more
topPlease wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
ATPGD1
carnosine synthase
Carnosine synthetase
Carnosine-anserine synthetase
Carnosine-homocarnosine synthetase
CAS
-
-
-
-
HCarn-Carn synthetase
-
-
-
-
Homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase
Synthetase, carnosine
-
-
-
-
Carnosine synthetase
-
-
-
-
Carnosine-anserine synthetase
-
-
-
-
Carnosine-homocarnosine synthetase
-
-
-
-
Homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase
-
-
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
ATP + L-histidine + beta-alanine = ADP + phosphate + carnosine
-
-
-
-
ATP + L-histidine + beta-alanine = ADP + phosphate + carnosine
intermediary formation of enzyme bound beta-Ala
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
carboxamide formation
-
-
-
-
carboxylic acid amide formation
-
-
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
This enzyme was thought to form AMP [1,2], but studies with highly purified enzyme proved that it forms ADP [4]. Carnosine is a dipeptide that is present at high concentrations in skeletal muscle and the olfactory bulb of vertebrates [3]. It is also found in the skeletal muscle of some invertebrates. The enzyme can also catalyse the formation of homocarnosine from 4-aminobutanoate and L-histidine, with much lower activity [4].
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9023-61-4
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ATP + 2,6-diaminopimelate + beta-Ala
AMP + phosphate + beta-Ala-2,6-diaminopimelate
-
-
-
?
ATP + 2-methyl-L-His + beta-Ala
AMP + phosphate + beta-Ala-2-methyl-L-His
-
-
i.e. ophidine
?
ATP + DL-2-amino-6-hydroxyoctanoate + beta-Ala
AMP + phosphate + beta-Ala-DL-2-amino-6-hydroxyoctanoate
-
-
-
?
ATP + DL-His-DL-His + beta-Ala
AMP + phosphate + beta-Ala-DL-His-DL-His
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-canavanine + beta-Ala
AMP + phosphate + beta-Ala-L-canavanine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-His + 2,3-diaminopropanoate
AMP + phosphate + 2,3-diaminopropanoyl-L-His
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-His + 5-aminopentanoate
AMP + phosphate + 5-aminopentanoyl-L-His
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-His + 6-aminooctanoate
AMP + phosphate + 6-aminooctanoyl-L-His
-
-
-
-
?
L-histidine + beta-alanine + ATP
carnosine + AMP + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + 1,2,4-triazole-3-Ala + beta-Ala
AMP + phosphate + beta-Ala-1,2,4-triazole-3-alanine
-
-
-
?
ATP + 1,2,4-triazole-3-Ala + beta-Ala
AMP + phosphate + beta-Ala-1,2,4-triazole-3-alanine
-
-
-
?
ATP + 1-methylhistidine + beta-Ala
AMP + phosphate + beta-Ala-1-methylhistidine
-
-
-
?
ATP + 1-methylhistidine + beta-Ala
AMP + phosphate + beta-Ala-1-methylhistidine
-
-
-
?
ATP + 2-imidazole-3-Ala + beta-Ala
AMP + phosphate + beta-Ala-2-imidazole-3-Ala
-
-
-
?
ATP + 2-imidazole-3-Ala + beta-Ala
AMP + phosphate + beta-Ala-2-imidazole-3-Ala
-
-
-
?
ATP + 3-methylhistidine + beta-Ala
AMP + phosphate + beta-Ala-3-methylhistidine
-
-
-
?
ATP + 3-methylhistidine + beta-Ala
AMP + phosphate + beta-Ala-3-methylhistidine
-
-
-
?
ATP + 5-hydroxylysine + beta-Ala
AMP + phosphate + beta-Ala-5-hydroxylysine
-
-
-
?
ATP + 5-hydroxylysine + beta-Ala
AMP + phosphate + beta-Ala-5-hydroxylysine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-His + 2,4-diaminobutanoate
AMP + phosphate + 2,4-diaminobutanoyl-L-His
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-His + 2,4-diaminobutanoate
AMP + phosphate + 2,4-diaminobutanoyl-L-His
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-His + 3-amino-n-butanoate
AMP + phosphate + beta-n-aminobutanoyl-L-His
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-His + 3-amino-n-butanoate
AMP + phosphate + beta-n-aminobutanoyl-L-His
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-His + 3-aminoisobutanoate
AMP + phosphate + 3-aminoisobutanoyl-L-His
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-His + 3-aminoisobutanoate
AMP + phosphate + 3-aminoisobutanoyl-L-His
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-His + beta-Ala
ADP + phosphate + carnosine
-
the concentration of histidine in muscle and plasma is high relative to its Km with muscle carnosine synthase, whereas beta-alanine exists in low concentration in muscle and has a higher Km with muscle carnosine synthase, which indicates that it is the availability of beta-alanine that is limiting to the synthesis of carnosine in skeletal muscle
-
-
?
ATP + L-histidine + 4-aminobutanoate
ADP + phosphate + homocarnosine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-histidine + 4-aminobutanoate
ADP + phosphate + homocarnosine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-histidine + 4-aminobutanoate
ADP + phosphate + homocarnosine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-histidine + beta-alanine
ADP + phosphate + carnosine
-
-
-
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ATP + L-His + beta-Ala
ADP + phosphate + carnosine
-
the concentration of histidine in muscle and plasma is high relative to its Km with muscle carnosine synthase, whereas beta-alanine exists in low concentration in muscle and has a higher Km with muscle carnosine synthase, which indicates that it is the availability of beta-alanine that is limiting to the synthesis of carnosine in skeletal muscle
-
-
?
L-histidine + beta-alanine + ATP
carnosine + AMP + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Co2+
Mg2+
Mn2+
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
DISEASE
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
LINK TO PUBMED
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
Activation of Wnt/?-catenin signaling in a subpopulation of murine prostate luminal epithelial cells induces high grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia.
carnosine synthase deficiency
Carnosine synthase deficiency is compatible with normal skeletal muscle and olfactory function but causes reduced olfactory sensitivity in aging mice.
Hyperglycemia
Possible role of L-carnosine in the regulation of blood glucose through controlling autonomic nerves.
Myocardial Ischemia
Cardiospecific Overexpression of ATPGD1 (Carnosine Synthase) Increases Histidine Dipeptide Levels and Prevents Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury.
Neoplasms
A Tumor-Specific Cascade Amplification Drug Release Nanoparticle for Overcoming Multidrug Resistance in Cancers.
Neoplasms
Single luminal epithelial progenitors can generate prostate organoids in culture.
Prostatic Neoplasms
A luminal epithelial stem cell that is a cell of origin for prostate cancer.
Prostatic Neoplasms
Single luminal epithelial progenitors can generate prostate organoids in culture.
Reperfusion Injury
Cardiospecific Overexpression of ATPGD1 (Carnosine Synthase) Increases Histidine Dipeptide Levels and Prevents Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
kcat/KM VALUE [1/mMs-1]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE