EC Number |
General Information |
Reference |
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1.8.4.9 | malfunction |
a C-terminal truncated plant-type APR lacking the redox domain losses APR activity but recovers the function after the addition of thioredoxin |
763921 |
1.8.4.9 | malfunction |
transgenic plants overexpressing APR2 show improved Cd tolerance, whereas knockout of APR2 have reduced Cd tolerance. APR2-overexpressing plants with increased Cd accumulation and tolerance show higher glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatin (PC) levels than the wild-type and apr2 mutant plants, but lower H2O2 and TBARS contents upon Cd exposure. Moreover, exogenous GSH application effectively rescued Cd hypersensitivity in APR2-knockout plants. Further analysis showed that buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, an inhibitor of GSH synthesis) treatment completely eliminated the enhanced Cd tolerance phenotypes of APR2-overexpressing plants, implying that APR2-mediated enhanced Cd tolerance is GSH-dependent. In addition, overexpression of the APR2 leads to elevated expressions of the GSH/PC synthesis related genes under Cd stress |
-, 764564 |
1.8.4.9 | metabolism |
in Arabidopsis there are three isoenzymes of APR (APR1, 2, and 3), of which APR2 is the major one in the sulfate reduction. Isozyme APR2 positively regulates cadmium tolerance through glutathione-dependent pathway |
-, 764564 |
1.8.4.9 | metabolism |
in contrast to the cooperation of a sulfonucleotide reductase and a thioredoxin in prokaryote systems, in plants, the protein involved in the pathway is only a single polypeptide which consists of two distinct domains: a sulfonucleotide reductase-like one and a thioredoxin-like one |
763921 |
1.8.4.9 | more |
the C-terminal domain of APR acts as a glutathione-dependent reductase. The crystal structure of the C-terminal redox domain of Arabidopsis APR1 (AtAPR1) shows a conserved alpha/beta thioredoxin fold, but not a glutaredoxin fold, crystal structure analysis, folding of the AtAPR1 redox domain is measured by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, overview. The C-terminal redox domain of APR is more similar to thioredoxin than glutaredoxin. Molecular model of AtAPR1 redox domain in complex with GSH, structure modeling, overview |
763921 |
1.8.4.9 | physiological function |
adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) reductase (APR) plays a vital role in catalyzing the reduction of activated sulfate to sulfite, which requires glutathione. APR activity is downregulated to avoid tissue injury by a negative feedback regulation, a mechanism associated with metabolic changes that cause reduced GSH concentration and the accumulation of sulfate |
763921 |
1.8.4.9 | physiological function |
APR2 regulates Cd accumulation and tolerance possibly through modulating GSH-dependent antioxidant capability and Cd-chelation machinery in Arabidopsis thaliana. APR2 can be exploited for engineering heavy metal-tolerant plants in phytoremediation. APR2-mediated enhanced Cd tolerance is GSH-dependent |
-, 764564 |
1.8.4.9 | physiological function |
chloroplast-localized adenosine-5'-phosphosulphate reductase (APR) generates sulfite and plays a pivotal role in reduction of sulfate to cysteine. The increases in APR activity in response to sulfite infiltration into wild-type and sulfite oxidase (SO)-deficient mutant leaves result in an increase in endogenous sulfite, indicating that APR has an important role in sulfite-induced increases in stomatal aperture. The importance of APR and SO and the significance of sulfite concentrations in water loss are further demonstrated during rapid, harsh drought stress in root-detached wild-type, gr2 and SO transgenic plants. Effects of sulfite infiltration on water status and sulfite accumulation in wild-type and sulfite oxidase overexpressing and deficient mutant leaves, overview |
-, 765161 |
1.8.4.9 | physiological function |
overexpression of isoform Apr2 results in enhanced cotyledon greening and fresh weight increase when plants are treated with high glucose. A T-DNA insertion mutant line shows delayed greening and fresh weight growth inhibition in response to glucose and to 2-deoxyglucose. The expression of glucose responsive genes, hexokinase 1, phenylalanine ammonia lyase 1 and pathogenesis related gene 5, is elevated in Apr2-overexpressing and wild-type plants in response to glucose treatment, while in the T-DNA insertion mutant line the transcript level for these genes decreases. Apr2-overexpressing plants display delayed flowering under long day condition |
743157 |