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Literature summary for 2.7.7.43 extracted from
- Diverse subcellular localizations of the insect CMP-sialic acid synthetases (2017), Glycobiology, 27, 329-341 .
Cloned(Commentary)
| Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|
| DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, when expressed in Drosophila S2 cells, DmCSS is mainly secreted into the culture medium, although partially detected in Golgi. Transient functional recombinant expression of myc-tagged wild-type and mutant enzymes in LEC29. Lec32 cells which lack a functional CSS, recombinant expression of His-tagged DmCSS in Escherichia coli | Drosophila melanogaster |
| DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, when expressed in mammalian and insect cells, recombinant AaCSS shows in vivo and in vitro CSS activities. In contrast, when expressed in bacteria, it lacks CSS activity because the N-terminal hydrophobic region appears to induce protein aggregation, when expressed as C-terminally V5-tagged enzyme in Drosophila S2 cells, AaCSS is predominantly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, but not in the Golgi. Transient functional recombinant expression of wild-type and mutant myc-tagged enzymes in LEC29. Lec32 cells which lack a functional CSS, recombinant expression of His-tagged AaCSS in Escherichia coli | Aedes aegypti |
| DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, when expressed in mammalian and insect cells, recombinant TcCSS shows in vivo and in vitro CSS activities. In contrast, when expressed in bacteria, it lacks CSS activity because the N-terminal hydrophobic region appears to induce protein aggregation, when expressed in Drosophila S2 cells, TcCSS is predominantly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, but not in the Golgi. Transient recombinant expression of myc-tagged enzyme in LEC29.Lec32 cells which lack a functional CSS, recombinant expression of His-tagged TcCSS in Escherichia coli | Tribolium castaneum |
| expressed in Drosophila S2 cells or LEC29.Lec32 cells | Mus musculus |
| expressed in Drosophila S2 cells or LEC29.Lec32 cells | Drosophila melanogaster |
| expressed in Drosophila S2 cells or LEC29.Lec32 cells | Aedes aegypti |
| expressed in Drosophila S2 cells or LEC29.Lec32 cells | Tribolium castaneum |
Protein Variants
| Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| additional information | construction of a DELTAN-AaCSS mutant which gives a single band at 517 kDa, but not a smear in the high-molecular mass region. Furthermore, DELTANAaCSS shows in vitro activity to Neu5Ac. Cleavage of the N-terminal hydrophobic region of the CSSs is critical for the enzyme activity | Aedes aegypti |
| N35Q | site-directed mutagenesis of the glycosylation site, the mutant shows enzyme activity | Aedes aegypti |
| N35Q | the mutant shows about 2.3fold increased activity compared to the wild type enzyme | Aedes aegypti |
| N66Q | site-directed mutagenesis of the glycosylation site, the mutant shows enzyme activity | Drosophila melanogaster |
| N66Q | the mutant shows about 1.2fold increased activity compared to the wild type enzyme | Drosophila melanogaster |
Localization
| Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| endoplasmic reticulum | - |
Drosophila melanogaster | 5783 | - |
| endoplasmic reticulum | - |
Aedes aegypti | 5783 | - |
| endoplasmic reticulum | - |
Tribolium castaneum | 5783 | - |
| endoplasmic reticulum | the N-terminal hydrophobic regions of AaCSS functions as a signalpeptide to render it soluble in the endoplasmic reticulum | Aedes aegypti | 5783 | - |
| endoplasmic reticulum | the N-terminal hydrophobic regions of TcCSS functions as a signal peptide to render it soluble in the endoplasmic reticulum | Tribolium castaneum | 5783 | - |
| extracellular | - |
Drosophila melanogaster | - |
- |
| Golgi apparatus | - |
Drosophila melanogaster | 5794 | - |
| additional information | no localization in the Golgi | Aedes aegypti | - |
- |
| additional information | no localization in the Golgi | Tribolium castaneum | - |
- |
| additional information | no localization in the nucleus. The N-terminus of DmCSS functions as a membrane-spanning region of type II transmembrane proteins whose cytosolic KLK sequence functions as an endoplasmic reticulum export signal | Drosophila melanogaster | - |
- |
| nucleus | - |
Aedes aegypti | 5634 | - |
| nucleus | - |
Tribolium castaneum | 5634 | - |
| nucleus | - |
Mus musculus | 5634 | - |
Metals/Ions
| Metals/Ions | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mg2+ | required | Aedes aegypti |  |
| Mg2+ | required | Tribolium castaneum | |
| Mg2+ | required | Drosophila melanogaster | |
Molecular Weight [Da]
| Molecular Weight [Da] | Molecular Weight Maximum [Da] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 480000 | 1048000 | when subjected to native PAGE, the recombinant AaCSS expressed in Escherichia coli forms large-sized aggregations (480 to over 1048 kDa), while those expressed in LEC29.Lec32 and S2 cells are soluble and smaller-sized complexes: 487 kDa and 644 kDa, respectively. The protein aggregation may be linked to loss of CSS activity, and caused by lack of protein modifications that are necessary for correct protein folding, such as protein N-glycosylation and/or a removal of N-terminal hydrophobic region containing the decapeptide sequence | Aedes aegypti |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CTP + N-acylneuraminate | Aedes aegypti | - |
diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate | - |
? | |
| CTP + N-acylneuraminate | Tribolium castaneum | - |
diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate | - |
? | |
| CTP + N-acylneuraminate | Mus musculus | - |
diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate | - |
? | |
| CTP + N-acylneuraminate | Drosophila melanogaster | - |
diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate | - |
? | |
Organism
| Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aedes aegypti | - |
- |
- |
| Aedes aegypti | Q0IG96 | - |
- |
| Drosophila melanogaster | Q8IQV0 | - |
- |
| Mus musculus | A0A0R4J0B4 | - |
- |
| Tribolium castaneum | - |
- |
- |
| Tribolium castaneum | A0A2Z5TXA4 | - |
- |
Posttranslational Modification
| Posttranslational Modification | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| glycoprotein | - |
Mus musculus |
| glycoprotein | - |
Drosophila melanogaster |
| glycoprotein | - |
Aedes aegypti |
| glycoprotein | - |
Tribolium castaneum |
| glycoprotein | a single potential N-glycosylation site is present at N35 for AaCSS, AaCSS contains a single N-glycan chain | Aedes aegypti |
| glycoprotein | a single potential N-glycosylation site is present at N66 for DmCSS, DmCSS contains a single N-glycan chain | Drosophila melanogaster |
| glycoprotein | a single potential N-glycosylation site is present at N71 for TcCSS | Tribolium castaneum |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CTP + N-acylneuraminate | - |
Aedes aegypti | diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate | - |
? | |
| CTP + N-acylneuraminate | - |
Tribolium castaneum | diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate | - |
? | |
| CTP + N-acylneuraminate | - |
Mus musculus | diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate | - |
? | |
| CTP + N-acylneuraminate | - |
Drosophila melanogaster | diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate | - |
? | |
Subunits
| Subunits | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| ? | x * 53000, SDS-PAGE | Mus musculus |
| ? | x * 31000, SDS-PAGE | Drosophila melanogaster |
| ? | x * 34000, SDS-PAGE | Aedes aegypti |
| ? | x * 29000, SDS-PAGE | Tribolium castaneum |
| ? | x * 29000, recombinant TcCSS, SDS-PAGE | Tribolium castaneum |
| ? | x * 31000, recombinant DmCSS, SDS-PAGE | Drosophila melanogaster |
| ? | x * 34000, recombinant AaCSS, SDS-PAGE | Aedes aegypti |
Synonyms
| Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| AaCSS | - |
Aedes aegypti |
| CMP-Neu5Ac synthetase | - |
Mus musculus |
| CMP-Neu5Ac synthetase | - |
Drosophila melanogaster |
| CMP-Neu5Ac synthetase | - |
Aedes aegypti |
| CMP-Neu5Ac synthetase | - |
Tribolium castaneum |
| CMP-Sia synthetase | - |
Mus musculus |
| CMP-Sia synthetase | - |
Drosophila melanogaster |
| CMP-Sia synthetase | - |
Aedes aegypti |
| CMP-Sia synthetase | - |
Tribolium castaneum |
| CMP-sialic acid synthetase | - |
Aedes aegypti |
| CMP-sialic acid synthetase | - |
Tribolium castaneum |
| CMP-sialic acid synthetase | - |
Mus musculus |
| CMP-sialic acid synthetase | - |
Drosophila melanogaster |
| CSS | - |
Aedes aegypti |
| CSS | - |
Tribolium castaneum |
| CSS | - |
Mus musculus |
| CSS | - |
Drosophila melanogaster |
| DmCSS | - |
Drosophila melanogaster |
| TcCSS | - |
Tribolium castaneum |
General Information
| General Information | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| evolution | enzyme AaCSS shares a common overall structure with Drosophila melanogaster CSS in terms of evolutionarily conserved motifs and the absence of the C-terminal domain typical to vertebrate CSSs | Aedes aegypti |
| evolution | enzyme DmCSS shows a structure with evolutionarily conserved motifs and the absence of the C-terminal domain typical to vertebrate CSSs. The most prominent feature of Drosophila melanogaster CMP-Sia synthetase (DmCSS) is its Golgi-localization, contrasted with nuclear localization of vertebrate CSSs | Drosophila melanogaster |
| evolution | enzyme TcCSS shares a common overall structure with Drosophila melanogaster CSS in terms of evolutionarily conserved motifs and the absence of the C-terminal domain typical to vertebrate CSSs | Tribolium castaneum |
| malfunction | cleavage of the N-terminal hydrophobic region of the CSSs is critical for the enzyme activity | Aedes aegypti |
| malfunction | cleavage of the N-terminal hydrophobic region of the CSSs is critical for the enzyme activity | Drosophila melanogaster |
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