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Information on EC 1.14.15.21 - zeaxanthin epoxidase
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1.14.15.21 zeaxanthin epoxidaseIUBMB Comments
A flavoprotein (FAD) that is active under conditions of low light. Along with EC 1.23.5.1, violaxanthin de-epoxidase, this enzyme forms part of the xanthophyll (or violaxanthin) cycle, which is involved in protecting the plant against damage by excess light. It will also epoxidize lutein in some higher-plant species.
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Word Map
- 1.14.15.21
- photosystems
-
light-harvesting
-
chlorophyl
- thylakoids
- antenna
- trimer
-
carotenoid
-
photoprotection
-
dissipation
-
xanthophyl
-
non-photochemical
-
pigment-protein
- lutein
-
supercomplexes
- chlamydomonas
-
grana
- reinhardtii
-
photochemical
-
acclimation
- spinach
-
excitonic
-
chlorophyll-protein
-
photodamage
- chls
-
photoinhibition
- neoxanthin
-
picosecond
- monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
-
excited-state
-
de-epoxidation
-
photochemistry
-
pigment-binding
- plastoquinol
-
9-cis-epoxycarotenoid
-
unstacked
-
chlorophyll-binding
-
oxygen-evolving
-
lhcas
-
low-light
-
de-epoxidase
-
psi-lhci
-
appressed
-
high-light
-
carotenogenesis
-
macroaggregates
- antheraxanthin
-
carotenogenic
-
overexcitation
-
ultrafast
-
unquenched
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
Reaction Schemes
+
4
+
4
+
2
=
+
4
+
2
+
4
reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
+
4
+
2
=
+
4
oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
+
2
Synonyms
lhcii, zeaxanthin epoxidase, temperature-induced lipocalin, lipocalin-like protein, chloroplastic lipocalin, aba2 protein, zea-epoxidase, zeaxanthin-epoxidase, violaxanthin cycle enzyme, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
EC 1.14.13.90
-
-
formerly
-
lipocalin-like protein
ZE
Zea-epoxidase
zeaxanthin epoxidase
ZEP
ZEP2
ZEP3
additional information
additional information
zeaxanthin epoxidase is a member of the lipocalin family, monooxygenases epoxidizing 3-hydroxy beta-ionone ring of xanthophylls in the 5,6 position
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 = violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 = antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
zeaxanthin + 4 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 4 H+ + 2 O2 = violaxanthin + 4 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H2O
overall reaction
-
-
-
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 = violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
creation of an unstable carotenoid carbocation in the molecular mechanism of epoxidation
-
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 = violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
(1b)
-
-
-
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 = antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
creation of an unstable carotenoid carbocation in the molecular mechanism of epoxidation
-
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 = antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
(1a)
-
-
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
oxidation
redox reaction
reduction
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
BRENDA
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
zeaxanthin,reduced ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase
A flavoprotein (FAD) that is active under conditions of low light. Along with EC 1.23.5.1, violaxanthin de-epoxidase, this enzyme forms part of the xanthophyll (or violaxanthin) cycle, which is involved in protecting the plant against damage by excess light. It will also epoxidize lutein in some higher-plant species.
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
149718-34-3
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
lutein + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
lutein-5,6-epoxide + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
zeaxanthin + 4 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 4 H+ + 2 O2
violaxanthin + 4 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H2O
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Amyema pendulum
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
ir
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
the enzyme catalyzes the removal of epoxide groups in carotenoides of xanthophyll cycle in plants
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
ir
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
the violaxanthin/antheraxanthin cycle in Mantionella is caused by the interaction of the slow second de-epoxidation step and the relatively fast epoxidation of antheraxanthin to violaxanthin
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
early step in abscisic acid biosynthetic pathway
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
ir
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Phoradendron dipterum
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Phoradendron emarginatum
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Phoradendron hexastichon
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Phoradendron perrottetii
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Phoradendron piauhyanum
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Phoradendron semivenosum
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Phoradendron tunaeforme
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Phoradendron undulatum
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Phthirusa ovata
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Psittacanthus dichrous
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
early step in abscisic acid biosynthetic pathway
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
early step in abscisic acid biosynthetic pathway
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Struthanthus flexicaulis
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Struthanthus marginatus
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
ir
lutein + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
lutein-5,6-epoxide + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
?
lutein + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
lutein-5,6-epoxide + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Amyema pendulum
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
ir
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
the enzyme catalyzes the removal of epoxide groups in carotenoides of xanthophyll cycle in plants
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
ir
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
early step in abscisic acid biosynthetic pathway
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
ir
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Phoradendron dipterum
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Phoradendron emarginatum
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Phoradendron hexastichon
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Phoradendron perrottetii
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Phoradendron piauhyanum
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Phoradendron semivenosum
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Phoradendron tunaeforme
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Phoradendron undulatum
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Phthirusa ovata
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Psittacanthus dichrous
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
early step in abscisic acid biosynthetic pathway
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
early step in abscisic acid biosynthetic pathway
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Struthanthus flexicaulis
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
Struthanthus marginatus
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
reaction in violaxanthin cycle and in pigment/abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
-
-
-
ir
zeaxanthin + 4 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 4 H+ + 2 O2
violaxanthin + 4 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H2O
-
overall reaction
-
?
zeaxanthin + 4 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 4 H+ + 2 O2
violaxanthin + 4 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H2O
-
overall reaction
-
?
zeaxanthin + 4 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 4 H+ + 2 O2
violaxanthin + 4 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H2O
overall reaction
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme catalyses the epoxidation of zeaxanthin to antheraxanthin and violaxanthin, generating the epoxycarotenoid precursor of the ABA biosynthetic pathway, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme catalyses the epoxidation of zeaxanthin to antheraxanthin and violaxanthin, generating the epoxycarotenoid precursor of the ABA biosynthetic pathway, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is important in the xanthophyll cycle and in abscisic acid biosynthesis, abscisic acid is a plant hormone and key molecule that regulates plant responses to abiotic stress, such as drought and salinity, and is required for stress tolerance, overexpression of ZEP leads to increased salt and rought tolerance in transgenic plants, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
up-regulation of the zeaxanthin epoxidase gene ABA1/ZEP and three 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase genes, NCED2, NCED5, and NCED9 is responsible for suppression of seed germination at supraoptimal high temperature, thermoinhibitIon, during summer to establish vegetative and reproductive growth in appropriate seasons of Arabidopsis thaliana, abscisic acid and gibberellins play a role in the regulation of germination, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the xanthophyll cycle carotenoids violaxanthin, antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin, the ability of higher plants to synthesize lutein epoxide probably does not depend on the substrate specificity of zeaxanthin epoxidase but on the availability of lutein for the enzyme, high extent of violaxanthin and antheraxanthin de-epoxidation under high light in Cuscuta species showing also high levels of lutein epoxide, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme also performs epoxidation of lutein
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the xanthophyll cycle carotenoids violaxanthin, antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin, the ability of higher plants to synthesize lutein epoxide probably does not depend on the substrate specificity of zeaxanthin epoxidase but on the availability of lutein for the enzyme, high extent of violaxanthin and antheraxanthin de-epoxidation under high light in Cuscuta species showing also high levels of lutein epoxide, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme also performs epoxidation of lutein
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the xanthophyll cycle carotenoids violaxanthin, antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin, the ability of higher plants to synthesize lutein epoxide probably does not depend on the substrate specificity of zeaxanthin epoxidase but on the availability of lutein for the enzyme, high extent of violaxanthin and antheraxanthin de-epoxidation under high light in Cuscuta species showing also high levels of lutein epoxide, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme also performs epoxidation of lutein
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the xanthophyll cycle carotenoids violaxanthin, antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin, the ability of higher plants to synthesize lutein epoxide probably does not depend on the substrate specificity of zeaxanthin epoxidase but on the availability of lutein for the enzyme, high extent of violaxanthin and antheraxanthin de-epoxidation under high light in Cuscuta species showing also high levels of lutein epoxide, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme also performs epoxidation of lutein
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the xanthophyll cycle carotenoids violaxanthin, antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin, the ability of higher plants to synthesize lutein epoxide probably does not depend on the substrate specificity of zeaxanthin epoxidase but on the availability of lutein for the enzyme, high extent of violaxanthin and antheraxanthin de-epoxidation under high light in Cuscuta species showing also high levels of lutein epoxide, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme also performs epoxidation of lutein
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the xanthophyll cycle carotenoids violaxanthin, antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin, the ability of higher plants to synthesize lutein epoxide probably does not depend on the substrate specificity of zeaxanthin epoxidase but on the availability of lutein for the enzyme, high extent of violaxanthin and antheraxanthin de-epoxidation under high light in Cuscuta species showing also high levels of lutein epoxide, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme also performs epoxidation of lutein
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the xanthophyll cycle carotenoids violaxanthin, antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin, the ability of higher plants to synthesize lutein epoxide probably does not depend on the substrate specificity of zeaxanthin epoxidase but on the availability of lutein for the enzyme, high extent of violaxanthin and antheraxanthin de-epoxidation under high light in Cuscuta species showing also high levels of lutein epoxide, overview
-
-