disruption of the genes encoding both cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases (CADs), including CADC and CADD, in Arabidopsis thaliana results in the atypical incorporation of hydroxycinnamaldehydes into lignin. The cadc/cadd-deficient and ferulic acid hydroxylase1 (fah1) cadc/cadd-deficient plants are similar in growth to wild-type plants even though their lignin compositions are drastically altered. In contrast, disruption of CAD in the F5H-overexpressing background results in dwarfism. The dwarfed phenotype observed in these plants does not appear to be related to collapsed xylem, a hallmark of many other lignin-deficient dwarf mutants. Mutant cadc/cadd-deficient and fah1 cadc/cadd-deficient, and cadd-deficient-F5H-overexpressing plants have increased enzyme-catalyzed cell wall digestibility
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CRYSTALLIZATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
purified recombinant isozyme CAD5, 4-10 mg/ml apo-protein in 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA, and 1 mM DTT, hanging drop vapour diffusion method, at 4°C or at 20°C, 2fold dilution with reservoir solution containing 20% w/v PEG 3350, and 0.2 M trilithium citrate tetrahydrate, pH 8.1 3 days, X-ray diffraction structure determination an analysis at 2.0-2.6 A resolution
less than 0.5% of wild-type activity. Thermodynamic data indicate a negative enthalpic change, as well as a significant decrease in binding affinity with NADPH. Residue Thr49 is essential for overall catalytic conversion
construction of null-mutants of both genes AtCAD-C and AtCAD-D showing highly reduced enzyme activity, but only the latter shows slightly modificated lignin structure, construction of transgenic plants by infection with recombinant Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58pMP90 via flower infiltration method, expression pattern of AtCAD-C and AtCAD-D
construction of a cad-c-cad-d-double mutant, which shows delayed vegetative growth and bolting, combined with reduced size, as well as lignin modifications, overview
construction of a cad-c-cad-d-double mutant, which shows delayed vegetative growth and bolting, combined with reduced size, as well as lignin modifications, overview
in double mutant strain lacking the activities of isoforms cad-4 and cad-5, the material strength properties of the stem plant material are greatly diminished due to severe reductions in macromolecular lignin content. Initially the overall pattern of phenolic deposition in the mutant is very similar to wild-type. Shortly into the stage involving 8-O-4'-linkage formation, deposition is aborted. At this final stage, the double mutant retains a very limited ability to biosynthesize monolignols as evidenced by cleavage and release of ca. 4% of the monolignol-derived moieties relative to the lignin of the wild-type line. In addition, while small amounts of cleavable p-hydroxycinnamaldehyde-derived moieties are released, the overall frequency of monomer cleavable 8-O-4'-inter-unit linkages closely approximates that of wild-type for the equivalent level of lignin deposition
construction of disruption mutants of genes CADC and CADD of Arabidopsis thaliana resulting in the atypical incorporation of hydroxycinnamaldehydes into lignin. The cadc/cadd-deficient and ferulic acid hydroxylase1 (fah1) cadc/cadd-deficient plants are similar in growth to wild-type plants even though their lignin compositions are drastically altered. In contrast, disruption of CAD in the F5H-overexpressing background results in dwarfism. The dwarfed phenotype observed in these plants does not appear to be related to collapsed xylem, a hallmark of many other lignin-deficient dwarf mutants. Mutant cadc/cadd-deficient and fah1 cadc/cadd-deficient, and cadd-deficient-F5H-overexpressing plants have increased enzyme-catalyzed cell wall digestibility. Phenotypes, overview
construction of disruption mutants of genes CADC and CADD of Arabidopsis thaliana resulting in the atypical incorporation of hydroxycinnamaldehydes into lignin. The cadc/cadd-deficient and ferulic acid hydroxylase1 (fah1) cadc/cadd-deficient plants are similar in growth to wild-type plants even though their lignin compositions are drastically altered. In contrast, disruption of CAD in the F5H-overexpressing background results in dwarfism. The dwarfed phenotype observed in these plants does not appear to be related to collapsed xylem, a hallmark of many other lignin-deficient dwarf mutants. Mutant cadc/cadd-deficient and fah1 cadc/cadd-deficient, and cadd-deficient-F5H-overexpressing plants have increased enzyme-catalyzed cell wall digestibility. Phenotypes, overview
9 AtCAD genes, 2 paralogs AtCAD-C and AtCAD-D, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, tissue expression pattern study of wild-type and mutant plants
gene CAD, DNA and amino acid sequence determination of several CAD isozyme genes, expression analysis in wild-type and cad-c-cad-d-double mutant cells, overview
gene CAD1, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, phylogenetic tree of the CAD protein family, quantitative expression analysis, expression in Escherichia coli, complementation of the cad-c-cad-d-double mutant with different CAD genes has different effects on lignin monomer synthesis, overview
downregulation of (hydroxy)cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) genes is another promising strategy to increase cell wall digestibility for biofuel production
Expression pattern of two paralogs encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases in Arabidopsis. Isolation and characterization of the corresponding mutants
Root and vascular tissue-specific expression of glycine-rich protein AtGRP9 and its interaction with AtCAD5, a cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, in Arabidopsis thaliana
Kim, S.J.; Kim, K.W.; Cho, M.H.; Franceschi, V.R.; Davin, L.B.; Lewis, N.G.
Expression of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases and their putative homologues during Arabidopsis thaliana growth and development: lessons for database annotations?
Anderson, N.A.; Tobimatsu, Y.; Ciesielski, P.N.; Ximenes, E.; Ralph, J.; Donohoe, B.S.; Ladisch, M.; Chapple, C.
Manipulation of guaiacyl and syringyl monomer biosynthesis in an Arabidopsis cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase mutant results in atypical lignin biosynthesis and modified cell wall structure