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malfunction
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Ophrys SAD coding sequences are heterologously expressed in Arabidopsis under the control of the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA promoter. None of the transgenic plant lines complement the dwarf phenotype of homozygous ssi2 mutants. The presence of the OsSAD2 transgene is significantly associated with changes in unsaturated C18 and C16 FA levels in Arabidopsis leaf lipids, suggesting that OsSAD2 has enzymatic activity in Arabidopsis
malfunction
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Ophrys SAD coding sequences are heterologously expressed in Arabidopsis under the control of the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA promoter. OeSAD2 does not complement the dwarf phenotype of homozygous ssi2 mutants
malfunction
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Ophrys SAD coding sequences are heterologously expressed in Arabidopsis under the control of the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA promoter. OsSAD1 does not complement the dwarf phenotype of homozygous ssi2 mutants
malfunction
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a stearoyl-acyl carrier protein fatty acid desaturase mutant has decreased lateral root growth due to a defect in the cell elongation
malfunction
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seed homozygous for the SACPD-C deletion averages 10.4% stearic acid and 75.9% oleic acid
malfunction
downregulation of ZmSAD1 increases the stearic acid concentration in maize leaf
malfunction
fatty acid composition of wild-type and mutant plants, overview
malfunction
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one nonsense and four missense Gmsacpd-c mutants are identified to have high levels of seed, nodule, and leaf stearic acid content. Homology modeling and in silico analysis of the GmSACPD-C enzyme reveals that most of these mutations are localized near or at conserved residues essential for di-iron ion coordination. Soybeans carrying Gmsacpd-c mutations at conserved residues cause the highest stearic acid content, and these mutations have deleterious effects on nodule development and function. Mutant plants with mutations at nonconserved residues show an increase in stearic acid content yet retain healthy nodules. Nodule leg hemoglobin transcripts are significantly more abundant in soybeans with deleterious mutations at conserved residues of GmSACPD-C. Gmsacpd-c mutations cause an increase in leaf stearic acid content and an alteration of leaf structure and morphology in addition to differences in nitrogen-fixing nodule structure. Wild-type and mutant leaf phenotypes, overview
malfunction
the isozyme A-C triple knockdown plants display severe growth phenotypes, including spontaneous cell death and dwarfing. While no vegetative morphologic abnormality is observed in individual NbSACPD-A, -B, or -C knockdown plants, strikingly, NbSACPD-C knockdown plants produce small fruits with aborted ovules. Reciprocal crosses with wild-type and NbSACPD-C knockdown plants reveal that knocking down NbSACPD-C expression causes female, but not male, sterility. Arrested ovule development and significantly altered lipid composition in ovaries are observed in NbSACPD-C knockdown plants, consistent with the predominant NbSACPD-C expression in ovules. The ovule development defect is fully complemented by coexpressing an amiRNA-resistant NbSACPD-C variant in the NbSACPD-C knockdown background, further supporting a specific requirement for NbSACPD-C in female fertility. Phenotypes, overview
malfunction
the isozyme A-C triple knockdown plants display severe growth phenotypes, including spontaneous cell death and dwarfing. While no vegetative morphologic abnormality is observed in individual NbSACPD-A, -B, or -C knockdown plants, strikingly, NbSACPD-C knockdown plants show a highly altered phenotype, overview. Phenotypes, overview
malfunction
transgenic maize that expresses high levels of ZmSAD1 in its mature seeds shows reduced stearic acid content (1.57%) and a lower saturated to unsaturated fatty acid ratio (20.40%) relative to those (1.64% and 20.61%, respectively) of the control. Conversely, downregulation of ZmSAD1 in maize results in increased levels of stearic acid (1.78%), long-chain saturated acids (0.85%) and the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids (21.54%) relative to those (1.64%, 0.74%, and 20.61%, respectively) of the control, whereas the oleic acid (32.01%) level is significantly decreased relative to that (32.68%) of the control
metabolism
the enzyme catalyzes the conversion of stearic acid (18:0) to oleic acid (18:1) in fatty acid biosynthesis. Enzyme overexpression enhances the synthesis of oleic acid 2.4fold
metabolism
under normal growth conditions, the stearoyl-ACP molecule is generally rapidly desaturated by SAD to form oleoyl-ACP inside the chloroplasts resulting in low presence of stearic acid in glycerolipids. The further desaturation or elongation of oleoyl-ACP into polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can occur in either the chloroplast using the prokaryotic pathway, or the acyl-ACP molecules are exported outside the chloroplast as acyl-CoA molecules and enter the eukaryotic pathway
metabolism
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under normal growth conditions, the stearoyl-ACP molecule is generally rapidly desaturated by SAD to form oleoyl-ACP inside the chloroplasts resulting in low presence of stearic acid in glycerolipids. The further desaturation or elongation of oleoyl-ACP into polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can occur in either the chloroplast using the prokaryotic pathway, or the acyl-ACP molecules are exported outside the chloroplast as acyl-CoA molecules and enter the eukaryotic pathway
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physiological function
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SAD2 is a florally expressed barrier gene of large phenotypic effect and, possibly, a genic target of pollinator-mediated selection
physiological function
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the enzyme is involved in cell elongation in lateral roots via regulation of fatty acid content in rice
physiological function
activity of TcSAD1 is possibly involved in the synthesis and accumulation of oleate in cacao embryos
physiological function
all three isozymes of SAD participate in fatty acid desaturation in Nicotiana benthamiana, roles of SACPD isozymes in biotic and abiotic stresses
physiological function
lipid content and gene expression analyses indicate that isozyme OeSAD2 seems to be the main gene contributing to the oleic acid content of the olive fruit and, therefore, of the virgin olive oil
physiological function
lipid content and gene expression analyses of SAD isozymes indicate that isozyme OeSAD2 seems to be the main gene contributing to the oleic acid content of the olive fruit and, therefore, of the virgin olive oil. The olive microsomal oleate desaturase gene OeFAD2-2, but not OeSAD2, is responsible for the linoleic acid content in the virgin olive oil
physiological function
lipid content and gene expression analyses of SAD isozymes of SAD isozymes indicate that isozyme OeSAD2 seems to be the main gene contributing to the oleic acid content of the olive fruit and, therefore, of the virgin olive oil
physiological function
stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD) is a key rate-limiting enzyme for the conversion of stearic (C18:0) to oleic (C18:1) acid, analysis of C18:0/C18:1 ratio in 11 different genotypes of Zea mays SAD plants, overview. Stearic and oleic acid concentration can be regulated by ZmSAD1 expression
physiological function
stearoyl-ACP desaturase is a plastid-localized soluble desaturase that catalyzes the conversion of stearic acid (18:0) to oleic acid, which plays a key role in determining the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids
physiological function
the enzyme converts stearic acid into oleic acid
physiological function
the enzyme may be involved in the regulation of plant seed growth and development
physiological function
the stearoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) desaturase (SAD), a plastidial DELTA9 desaturase from the endosperm of coconut, plays a key role in the properties of the majority of cellular glycerolipids. The DELTA9 fatty acid desaturase is a critical enzyme in the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, which has the capability to convert palmitic acid (16:0) or stearic acid (18:0) into palmitoleic acid (16:1) or oleic acid (18:1), respectively
physiological function
the stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase, NbSACPD-C, is critical for ovule development, all three isozymes of SAD participate in fatty acid desaturation in Nicotiana benthamiana, roles of SACPD isozymes in biotic and abiotic stresses
physiological function
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the enzyme converts stearic acid into oleic acid
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additional information
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homology modeling of GmSACPD-C from cv. Forrest with important catalytic residues and the five identified sacpd-c missense mutations mapped, overview
additional information
oleic acid is the main fatty acid in mesocarp and seed tissues
additional information
oleic acid is the main fatty acid in mesocarp and seed tissues
additional information
oleic acid is the main fatty acid in mesocarp and seed tissues
additional information
seed-specific overexpression of the exogenous ZmSAD1 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana significantly reduces the content of stearic acid and the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids
additional information
three dimensional structure modeling, the enzyme PtSAD contains conserved domains and is a stable hydrophilic protein
additional information
three dimensional structure molecular homology modeling and structure comparison, overview
additional information
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three dimensional structure molecular homology modeling and structure comparison, overview