Any feedback?
Literature summary extracted from
- Arogenate dehydratase isoforms differentially regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana (2016), Mol. Plant, 9, 1609-1619 .
Protein Variants
| EC Number | Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4.2.1.91 | additional information | construction of double, triple, and quadruple mutants of different isozymes by T-DNA insertion. Single mutants have no obvious defects in plant growth compared with the wild-type, whereas the adt4/5 double mutant and adt4/5 combined with other mutants including adt1, adt3, adt1/3, adt3/6, and adt1/3/6 display a dwarf phenotype | Arabidopsis thaliana |
Inhibitors
| EC Number | Inhibitors | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.2.1.91 | L-Phe | dramatically inhibits ADT2 activity | Arabidopsis thaliana |  |
| 4.2.1.91 | additional information | L-Phe does not inhibit ADT4 activity | Arabidopsis thaliana |
Localization
| EC Number | Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.2.1.91 | chloroplast | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | 9507 | - |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| EC Number | Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.2.1.91 | L-arogenate | Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
L-phenylalanine + H2O + CO2 | - |
? | |
Organism
| EC Number | Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.2.1.91 | Arabidopsis thaliana | O22241 | - |
- |
| 4.2.1.91 | Arabidopsis thaliana | Q9FNJ8 | - |
- |
| 4.2.1.91 | Arabidopsis thaliana | Q9SA96 | - |
- |
| 4.2.1.91 | Arabidopsis thaliana | Q9SGD6 | - |
- |
| 4.2.1.91 | Arabidopsis thaliana | Q9SSE7 | - |
- |
| 4.2.1.91 | Arabidopsis thaliana | Q9ZUY3 | - |
- |
Source Tissue
| EC Number | Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.2.1.91 | seedling | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| EC Number | Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.2.1.91 | L-arogenate | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | L-phenylalanine + H2O + CO2 | - |
? | |
Synonyms
| EC Number | Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4.2.1.91 | ADT1 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 4.2.1.91 | ADT2 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 4.2.1.91 | ADT3 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 4.2.1.91 | ADT4 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 4.2.1.91 | ADT5 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 4.2.1.91 | ADT6 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
General Information
| EC Number | General Information | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4.2.1.91 | malfunction | addition of Phe to the medium dramatically increases anthocyanin content in the wild-type plants and rescues the phenotype of the adt1 adt3 double mutant regarding the anthocyanin accumulation. mRNA levels of ADTs ae dramatically increased in transgenic plants. ADT1/3 mutation greatly affects cold-induced anthocyanin accumulation. Single mutants have no obvious defects in plant growth compared with the wild-type, except for isozme ADT2, whereas the adt4/5 double mutant and adt4/5 combined with other mutants including adt1, adt3, adt1/3, adt3/6, and adt1/3/6 display a dwarf phenotype. In all triple mutants, the mutants with adt1/3 produce the lowest levels of anthocyanin, about 40%-55% of wild-type, compared with other triple mutants such as adt1/4/5. Although the quintuple adt1/3/4/5/6 mutant produce the lowest level (about 35% of the wild-type level) of anthocyanin, no significant difference is detected between the quintuple and quadruple mutants (adt1/3/4/5, adt1/3/4/6, and adt1/3/5/6). The anthocyanin profile is not altered in adt mutants, the adt1/3/4/5/6 quintuple mutant still produces about 30% of wild-type anthocyanin content, overview | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 4.2.1.91 | malfunction | addition of Phe to the medium dramatically increases anthocyanin content in the wild-type plants and rescues the phenotype of the adt1 adt3 double mutant regarding the anthocyanin accumulation. mRNA levels of ADTs are dramatically increased in transgenic plants. ADT1/3 mutation greatly affects cold-induced anthocyanin accumulation. Single mutants have no obvious defects in plant growth compared with the wild-type, except for isozyme ADT2, whereas the adt4/5 double mutant and adt4/5 combined with other mutants including adt1, adt3, adt1/3, adt3/6, and adt1/3/6 display a dwarf phenotype. In all triple mutants, the mutants with adt1/3 produce the lowest levels of anthocyanin, about 40%-55% of wild-type, compared with other triple mutants such as adt1/4/5. Although the quintuple adt1/3/4/5/6 mutant produce the lowest level (about 35% of the wild-type level) of anthocyanin, no significant difference is detected between the quintuple and quadruple mutants (adt1/3/4/5, adt1/3/4/6, and adt1/3/5/6). The anthocyanin profile is not altered in adt mutants, the adt1/3/4/5/6 quintuple mutant still produces about 30% of wild-type anthocyanin content, overview | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 4.2.1.91 | malfunction | ADT4/5 mutation greatly affects cold-induced anthocyanin accumulation. mRNA levels of ADTs are dramatically increased in transgenic plants. Single mutants have no obvious defects in plant growth compared with the wild-type, except for isozyme ADT2, whereas the adt4/5 double mutant and adt4/5 combined with other mutants including adt1, adt3, adt1/3, adt3/6, and adt1/3/6 display a dwarf phenotype. In all triple mutants, the mutants with adt1/3 produce the lowest levels of anthocyanin, about 40%-55% of wild-type, compared with other triple mutants such as adt1/4/5. Although the quintuple adt1/3/4/5/6 mutant produce the lowest level (about 35% of the wild-type level) of anthocyanin, no significant difference is detected between the quintuple and quadruple mutants (adt1/3/4/5, adt1/3/4/6, and adt1/3/5/6). The anthocyanin profile is not altered in adt mutants, the adt1/3/4/5/6 quintuple mutant still produces about 30% of wild-type anthocyanin content, overview. The leaves of ADT4/ADT5 overexpressing plants are yellow/white, narrow, small, and upwardly curled. Some ADT4/ADT5 overexpression lines are dwarf and sterile | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 4.2.1.91 | malfunction | mRNA levels of ADTs ae dramatically increased in transgenic plants. Transgenic plants overexpressing ADT2 are very sensitive to L-Phe. Analysis of the role of ADT2 in anthocyanin biosynthesis of transgenic plants, designated adt2-amiR, in which expression of ADT2 is significantly downregulated by artificial microRNA interference, quantitative PCR analysis reveals that in the two adt2-amiR lines, the level of ADT2 mRNA is about 10% of the wild-type level, whereas expression of other ADTs is not dramatically altered despite statistically significant changes detected in some ADTs. Similar to other single mutants, adt2-amiR plants have no obvious phenotypes in growth compared with wild-type. The two adt2-amiR lines produce about 35% of wild-type anthocyanin content in the sucrose-induced system | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 4.2.1.91 | malfunction | mRNA levels of ADTs are dramatically increased in transgenic plants. Single mutants have no obvious defects in plant growth compared with the wild-type, except for isozme ADT2, whereas the adt4/5 double mutant and adt4/5 combined with other mutants including adt1, adt3, adt1/3, adt3/6, and adt1/3/6 display a dwarf phenotype. In all triple mutants, the mutants with adt1/3 produce the lowest levels of anthocyanin, about 40%-55% of wild-type, compared with other triple mutants such as adt1/4/5. Although the quintuple adt1/3/4/5/6 mutant produce the lowest level (about 35% of the wild-type level) of anthocyanin, no significant difference is detected between the quintuple and quadruple mutants (adt1/3/4/5, adt1/3/4/6, and adt1/3/5/6). The anthocyanin profile is not altered in adt mutants, the adt1/3/4/5/6 quintuple mutant still produces about 30% of wild-type anthocyanin content, overview | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 4.2.1.91 | malfunction | transgenic plants overexpressing ADT4, which appears to be less sensitive to L-Phe than plants overexpressing ADT2, hyperaccumulate Phe and produce elevated level of anthocyanins. ADT4/5 mutation greatly affects cold-induced anthocyanin accumulation. mRNA levels of ADTs are dramatically increased in transgenic plants. Single mutants have no obvious defects in plant growth compared with the wild-type, except for isozyme ADT2, whereas the adt4/5 double mutant and adt4/5 combined with other mutants including adt1, adt3, adt1/3, adt3/6, and adt1/3/6 display a dwarf phenotype. In all triple mutants, the mutants with adt1/3 produce the lowest levels of anthocyanin, about 40%-55% of wild-type, compared with other triple mutants such as adt1/4/5. Although the quintuple adt1/3/4/5/6 mutant produce the lowest level (about 35% of the wild-type level) of anthocyanin, no significant difference is detected between the quintuple and quadruple mutants (adt1/3/4/5, adt1/3/4/6, and adt1/3/5/6). The anthocyanin profile is not altered in adt mutants, the adt1/3/4/5/6 quintuple mutant still produces about 30% of wild-type anthocyanin content, overview. The leaves of ADT4/ADT5 overexpressing plants are yellow/white, narrow, small, and upwardly curled. Some ADT4/ADT5 overexpression lines are dwarf and sterile | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 4.2.1.91 | physiological function | all six ADT isoforms function redundantly in anthocyanin biosynthesis but have differential contributions. ADT isoforms regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis as well as lignin content and composition in a redundant and differential manner. ADT2 contributes the most to anthocyanin accumulation and plays the most important role in anthocyanin biosynthesis, followed by ADT1 and ADT3, and ADT4-ADT6. ADT4 and ADT5 play a dominant role in plant growth. ADT4-ADT6 act synergistically with ADT1 and ADT3 in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Anthocyanin content is positively correlated with the levels of Phe and sucrose-induced ADT transcripts in seedlings. Consistently, addition of Phe to the medium dramatically increases anthocyanin content in the wild-type plants. The level of Phe is an important regulatory factor for sustaining anthocyanin biosynthesis. Anthocyanins are a class of water-soluble flavonoid pigments synthesized from Phe in higher plants. They have important biological functions, including defense against UV-B radiation, attracting pollinators and scavenging reactive oxygen species. ADT4 and ADT5 may not be allosterically regulated by the product Phe, ADT4 is not feedback regulated by Phe | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 4.2.1.91 | physiological function | all six ADT isoforms function redundantly in anthocyanin biosynthesis but have differential contributions. ADT isoforms regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis as well as lignin content and composition in a redundant and differential manner. ADT2 contributes the most to anthocyanin accumulation and plays the most important role in anthocyanin biosynthesis, followed by ADT1 and ADT3, and ADT4-ADT6. ADT4 and ADT5 play a dominant role in plant growth. ADT4-ADT6 act synergistically with ADT1 and ADT3 in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Anthocyanin content is positively correlated with the levels of Phe and sucrose-induced ADT transcripts in seedlings. Consistently, addition of Phe to the medium dramatically increases anthocyanin content in the wild-type plants. The level of Phe is an important regulatory factor for sustaining anthocyanin biosynthesis. Anthocyanins are a class of water-soluble flavonoid pigments synthesized from Phe in higher plants. They have important biological functions, including defense against UV-B radiation, attracting pollinators and scavenging reactive oxygen species. ADT4 and ADT5 may not be allosterically regulated by the product Phe | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 4.2.1.91 | physiological function | all six ADT isoforms function redundantly in anthocyanin biosynthesis but have differential contributions. ADT isoforms regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis as well as lignin content and composition in a redundant and differential manner. ADT2 contributes the most to anthocyanin accumulation and plays the most important role in anthocyanin biosynthesis, followed by ADT1 and ADT3, and ADT4-ADT6. ADT4 and ADT5 play a dominant role in plant growth. ADT4-ADT6 act synergistically with ADT1 and ADT3 in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Anthocyanin content is positively correlated with the levels of Phe and sucrose-induced ADT transcripts in seedlings. Consistently, addition of Phe to the medium dramatically increases anthocyanin content in the wild-type plants. The level of Phe is an important regulatory factor for sustaining anthocyanin biosynthesis. Anthocyanins are a class of water-soluble flavonoid pigments synthesized from Phe in higher plants. They have important biological functions, including defense against UV-B radiation, attracting pollinators and scavenging reactive oxygen species | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 4.2.1.91 | physiological function | all six ADT isoforms function redundantly in anthocyanin biosynthesis but have differential contributions. ADT isoforms regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis as well as lignin content and composition in a redundant and differential manner. ADT2 contributes the most to anthocyanin accumulation and plays the most important role in anthocyanin biosynthesis, followed by ADT1 and ADT3, and ADT4-ADT6. ADT4 and ADT5 play a dominant role in plant growth. ADT4-ADT6 act synergistically with ADT1 and ADT3 in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Anthocyanin content is positively correlated with the levels of Phe and sucrose-induced ADT transcripts in seedlings. Consistently, addition of Phe to the medium dramatically increases anthocyanin content in the wild-type plants. The level of Phe is an important regulatory factor for sustaining anthocyanin biosynthesis. Anthocyanins are a class of water-soluble flavonoid pigments synthesized from Phe in higher plants. They have important biological functions, including defense against UV-B radiation, attracting pollinators and scavenging reactive oxygen species. ADT2 is feedback regulated by L-Phe | Arabidopsis thaliana |
Use of this online version of BRENDA is free under the CC BY 4.0 license. See terms of use for full details.
Release 2023.1 (January 2023)
Legal
Curated at
Member of
