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Literature summary extracted from

  • Zhou, P.; Xie, W.; Li, A.; Wang, F.; Yao, Z.; Bian, Q.; Zhu, Y.; Yu, H.; Ye, L.
    Alleviation of metabolic bottleneck by combinatorial engineering enhanced astaxanthin synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2017), Enzyme Microb. Technol., 100, 28-36 .
    View publication on PubMed

Cloned(Commentary)

EC Number Cloned (Comment) Organism
1.14.11.B16 expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sphingomonas sp. DC18
1.14.15.24 overexpression in Sacharomyces cerecisiae YastD-01 Haematococcus lacustris
1.14.99.63 astaxanthin yield in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is enhanced by combinational metabolic engineering and protein engineering targeting at the insufficient precursor supply and the weak downstream pathway capacity. Through introducing the positive GGPP synthase mutant CrtE03M together with overexpression of tHMG1, CrtI and CrtYB (from the cDNA of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous), the supply of the precursor beta-carotene is increased. Efficient conversion of beta-carotene to astaxanthin is achieved through increasing beta-carotene ketolase activity via directed evolution Haematococcus lacustris
2.5.1.29 astaxanthin yield in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is enhanced by combinational metabolic engineering and protein engineering targeting at the insufficient precursor supply and the weak downstream pathway capacity. Through introducing the positive GGPP synthase mutant CrtE03M together with overexpression of tHMG1, CrtI and CrtYB (from the cDNA of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous), the supply of the precursor beta-carotene is increased. Efficient conversion of beta-carotene to astaxanthin is achieved through increasing beta-carotene ketolase activity via directed evolution Phaffia rhodozyma
2.5.1.32 astaxanthin yield in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is enhanced by combinational metabolic engineering and protein engineering targeting at the insufficient precursor supply and the weak downstream pathway capacity. Through introducing the positive GGPP synthase mutant CrtE03M together with overexpression of tHMG1, CrtI and CrtYB (from the cDNA of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous), the supply of the precursor beta-carotene is increased. Efficient conversion of beta-carotene to astaxanthin is achieved through increasing beta-carotene ketolase activity via directed evolution Phaffia rhodozyma
5.5.1.19 astaxanthin yield in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is enhanced by combinational metabolic engineering and protein engineering targeting at the insufficient precursor supply and the weak downstream pathway capacity. Through introducing the positive GGPP synthase mutant CrtE03M together with overexpression of tHMG1, CrtI and CrtYB (from the cDNA of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous), the supply of the precursor beta-carotene is increased. Efficient conversion of beta-carotene to astaxanthin is achieved through increasing beta-carotene ketolase activity via directed evolution Phaffia rhodozyma

Protein Variants

EC Number Protein Variants Comment Organism
1.14.99.63 F298Y improvement in canthaxanthin production Haematococcus lacustris
1.14.99.63 H165R improvement in canthaxanthin production Haematococcus lacustris
1.14.99.63 H165R/F298Y improvement in canthaxanthin production Haematococcus lacustris
1.14.99.63 H165R/V264D improvement in canthaxanthin production Haematococcus lacustris
1.14.99.63 H165R/V264D/F298Y mutant enzyme with 2.4fold improved activity Haematococcus lacustris
1.14.99.63 V264D improvement in canthaxanthin production Haematococcus lacustris
1.14.99.63 V264D/F298Y improvement in canthaxanthin production Haematococcus lacustris

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
1.14.11.B16 beta-carotene + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O Sphingomonas sp. DC18
-
 canthaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+
-
 ?
1.14.15.24 canthaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H+ + O2 Haematococcus lacustris
-
 phoenicoxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
 ?
1.14.15.24 phoenicoxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H+ + O2 Haematococcus lacustris
-
 astaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
 ?
1.14.99.63 beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 Haematococcus lacustris the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
 ?
1.14.99.63 echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 Haematococcus lacustris the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
 ?
2.5.1.29 (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate Phaffia rhodozyma the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
 ?
2.5.1.29 (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate Phaffia rhodozyma CGMCC As2.1557 the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
 ?
2.5.1.32 2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate Phaffia rhodozyma the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway 15-cis-phytoene + 2 diphosphate
-
 ?
2.5.1.32 2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate Phaffia rhodozyma CGMCC As2.1557 the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway 15-cis-phytoene + 2 diphosphate
-
 ?
5.5.1.19 carotenoid psi-end group Phaffia rhodozyma
-
 carotenoid beta-end group
-
 ?
5.5.1.19 carotenoid psi-end group Phaffia rhodozyma CGMCC As2.1557
-
 carotenoid beta-end group
-
 ?

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
1.14.11.B16 Sphingomonas sp. DC18
-
-
-
1.14.15.24 Haematococcus lacustris Q9SPK6
-
-
1.14.99.63 Haematococcus lacustris E2DRF9
-
-
2.5.1.29 Phaffia rhodozyma Q1L6K3
-
-
2.5.1.29 Phaffia rhodozyma CGMCC As2.1557 Q1L6K3
-
-
2.5.1.32 Phaffia rhodozyma Q7Z859
-
-
2.5.1.32 Phaffia rhodozyma CGMCC As2.1557 Q7Z859
-
-
5.5.1.19 Phaffia rhodozyma Q7Z859
-
-
5.5.1.19 Phaffia rhodozyma CGMCC As2.1557 Q7Z859
-
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
1.14.11.B16 beta-carotene + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O
-
 Sphingomonas sp. DC18 canthaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+
-
 ?
1.14.15.24 canthaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H+ + O2
-
 Haematococcus lacustris phoenicoxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
 ?
1.14.15.24 phoenicoxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H+ + O2
-
 Haematococcus lacustris astaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
 ?
1.14.99.63 beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway Haematococcus lacustris echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
 ?
1.14.99.63 echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway Haematococcus lacustris canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
 ?
2.5.1.29 (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway Phaffia rhodozyma diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
 ?
2.5.1.29 (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway Phaffia rhodozyma CGMCC As2.1557 diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
 ?
2.5.1.32 2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway Phaffia rhodozyma 15-cis-phytoene + 2 diphosphate
-
 ?
2.5.1.32 2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway Phaffia rhodozyma CGMCC As2.1557 15-cis-phytoene + 2 diphosphate
-
 ?
5.5.1.19 carotenoid psi-end group
-
 Phaffia rhodozyma carotenoid beta-end group
-
 ?
5.5.1.19 carotenoid psi-end group
-
 Phaffia rhodozyma CGMCC As2.1557 carotenoid beta-end group
-
 ?

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
1.14.11.B16 beta-carotene ketolase
-
 Sphingomonas sp. DC18
1.14.11.B16 CrtW
-
 Sphingomonas sp. DC18
1.14.15.24 CrtZ
-
 Haematococcus lacustris
1.14.99.63 beta-carotene ketolase
-
 Haematococcus lacustris
1.14.99.63 OBKT
-
 Haematococcus lacustris
2.5.1.29 BTS1
-
 Phaffia rhodozyma
2.5.1.29 CrtE
-
 Phaffia rhodozyma
2.5.1.29 GGPP synthase
-
 Phaffia rhodozyma
2.5.1.32 crtYB
-
 Phaffia rhodozyma
2.5.1.32 phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase
-
 Phaffia rhodozyma
5.5.1.19 crtYB
-
 Phaffia rhodozyma
5.5.1.19 phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase
-
 Phaffia rhodozyma

General Information

EC Number General Information Comment Organism
1.14.15.24 metabolism the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway Haematococcus lacustris
1.14.99.63 metabolism the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway Haematococcus lacustris
2.5.1.29 metabolism the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway Phaffia rhodozyma
2.5.1.32 metabolism the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway Phaffia rhodozyma
5.5.1.19 metabolism the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway Phaffia rhodozyma