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Literature summary extracted from
- Chlorophyll breakdown in higher plants and algae (1999), Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 56, 330-347.
Inhibitors
| EC Number | Inhibitors | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.3.7.12 | O2 | RCC reductase is sensitive towards oxygen, in vitro primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite formation from red chlorophyll catabolite occurs only under anoxic conditions | Brassica napus |  |
| 1.3.7.12 | O2 | RCC reductase is sensitive towards oxygen, in vitro primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite formation from red chlorophyll catabolite occurs only under anoxic conditions | Capsicum annuum | |
| 1.3.7.12 | O2 | RCC reductase is sensitive towards oxygen, in vitro primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite formation from red chlorophyll catabolite occurs only under anoxic conditions | Festuca pratensis | |
| 1.3.7.12 | O2 | RCC reductase is sensitive towards oxygen, in vitro primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite formation from red chlorophyll catabolite occurs only under anoxic conditions | Hordeum vulgare | |
| 1.3.7.12 | O2 | RCC reductase is sensitive towards oxygen, in vitro primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite formation from red chlorophyll catabolite occurs only under anoxic conditions | Phaseolus vulgaris | |
Localization
| EC Number | Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.3.7.12 | chloroplast stroma | RCC reductase is a soluble protein of the stroma | Brassica napus | 9570 | - |
| 1.3.7.12 | chloroplast stroma | RCC reductase is a soluble protein of the stroma | Festuca pratensis | 9570 | - |
| 1.3.7.12 | chloroplast stroma | RCC reductase is a soluble protein of the stroma | Hordeum vulgare | 9570 | - |
| 1.3.7.12 | gerontoplast | RCC reductase is a soluble protein of the stroma | Hordeum vulgare | 34400 | - |
| 1.3.7.12 | gerontoplast stroma | RCC reductase is a soluble protein of the stroma | Brassica napus | 1905506 | - |
| 1.3.7.12 | gerontoplast stroma | RCC reductase is a soluble protein of the stroma | Festuca pratensis | 1905506 | - |
Metals/Ions
| EC Number | Metals/Ions | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.3.7.12 | Fe2+ | in iron sulfur cluster | Phaseolus vulgaris | |
| 1.3.7.12 | Fe2+ | in iron sulfur cluster | Brassica napus | |
| 1.3.7.12 | Fe2+ | in iron sulfur cluster | Capsicum annuum | |
| 1.3.7.12 | Fe2+ | in iron sulfur cluster | Auxenochlorella protothecoides | |
| 1.3.7.12 | Fe2+ | in iron sulfur cluster | Parachlorella kessleri | |
| 1.3.7.12 | Fe2+ | in iron sulfur cluster | Festuca pratensis | |
| 1.3.7.12 | Fe2+ | in iron sulfur cluster | Hordeum vulgare | |
| 1.3.7.12 | iron sulfur cluster | - |
Phaseolus vulgaris | |
| 1.3.7.12 | iron sulfur cluster | - |
Brassica napus | |
| 1.3.7.12 | iron sulfur cluster | - |
Capsicum annuum | |
| 1.3.7.12 | iron sulfur cluster | - |
Auxenochlorella protothecoides | |
| 1.3.7.12 | iron sulfur cluster | - |
Parachlorella kessleri | |
| 1.3.7.12 | iron sulfur cluster | - |
Festuca pratensis | |
| 1.3.7.12 | iron sulfur cluster | - |
Hordeum vulgare | |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| EC Number | Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.3.7.12 | additional information | Brassica napus | in pFCC-1 of Brassica napus as well as in Chlorella protothecoides 18O is only found in the formyl group of pyrrole B, and hence the respective enzymes are monooxygenases. The lactam oxygen in pyrrole A is most probably derived from H2O | ? | - |
? | |
| 1.3.7.12 | additional information | Auxenochlorella protothecoides | in pFCC-1 of Brassica napus as well as in Chlorella protothecoides 18O is only found in the formyl group of pyrrole B, and the respective enzymes are monooxygenases. The lactam oxygen in pyrrole A is most probably derived from H2O | ? | - |
? | |
| 1.3.7.12 | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | Phaseolus vulgaris | - |
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| 1.3.7.12 | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | Capsicum annuum | - |
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| 1.3.7.12 | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | Festuca pratensis | - |
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| 1.3.7.12 | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | Hordeum vulgare | - |
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| 1.3.7.12 | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | Auxenochlorella protothecoides | in Chlorella, the release of red pigments is correlated with the loss of chlorophyll only if the cells are kept in the dark. These pigments are neither produced in light-grown cells nor in the dark if a source of nitrogen is provided | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| 1.3.7.12 | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | Parachlorella kessleri | in Chlorella, the release of red pigments is correlated with the loss of chlorophyll only if the cells are kept in the dark. These pigments are neither produced in light-grown cells nor in the dark if a source of nitrogen is provided | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| 1.3.7.12 | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | Brassica napus | two atoms of oxygen are introduced into RCC, pFCC-1 and the corresponding red catabolites of Chlorella protothecoides and production of pFCC-1 from Pheide a requires dioxygen | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
Organism
| EC Number | Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.3.7.12 | Auxenochlorella protothecoides | - |
gene RCCR | - |
| 1.3.7.12 | Brassica napus | - |
gene RCCR | - |
| 1.3.7.12 | Capsicum annuum | - |
gene RCCR | - |
| 1.3.7.12 | Festuca pratensis | - |
gene RCCR | - |
| 1.3.7.12 | Hordeum vulgare | Q9MTQ6 | gene RCCR | - |
| 1.3.7.12 | Parachlorella kessleri | - |
gene RCCR | - |
| 1.3.7.12 | Phaseolus vulgaris | - |
gene RCCR | - |
Oxidation Stability
| EC Number | Oxidation Stability | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| 1.3.7.12 | RCC reductase is sensitive towards oxygen, in vitro primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite formation from red chlorophyll catabolite occurs only under anoxic conditions | Phaseolus vulgaris |
| 1.3.7.12 | RCC reductase is sensitive towards oxygen, in vitro primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite formation from red chlorophyll catabolite occurs only under anoxic conditions | Brassica napus |
| 1.3.7.12 | RCC reductase is sensitive towards oxygen, in vitro primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite formation from red chlorophyll catabolite occurs only under anoxic conditions | Capsicum annuum |
| 1.3.7.12 | RCC reductase is sensitive towards oxygen, in vitro primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite formation from red chlorophyll catabolite occurs only under anoxic conditions | Festuca pratensis |
| 1.3.7.12 | RCC reductase is sensitive towards oxygen, in vitro primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite formation from red chlorophyll catabolite occurs only under anoxic conditions | Hordeum vulgare |
Purification (Commentary)
| EC Number | Purification (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| 1.3.7.12 | from senescent barley leaves to homogeneity | Hordeum vulgare |
Reaction
| EC Number | Reaction | Comment | Organism | Reaction ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.3.7.12 | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster = red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | reaction pathway overview | Phaseolus vulgaris | |
| 1.3.7.12 | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster = red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | reaction pathway overview | Brassica napus | |
| 1.3.7.12 | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster = red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | reaction pathway overview | Capsicum annuum | |
| 1.3.7.12 | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster = red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | reaction pathway overview | Auxenochlorella protothecoides | |
| 1.3.7.12 | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster = red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | reaction pathway overview | Parachlorella kessleri | |
| 1.3.7.12 | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster = red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | reaction pathway overview | Festuca pratensis | |
| 1.3.7.12 | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster = red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | reaction pathway overview | Hordeum vulgare |
Source Tissue
| EC Number | Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.3.7.12 | cell culture | in Chlorella, the release of red pigments is correlated with the loss of chlorophyll only if the cells are kept in the dark. These pigments are neither produced in light-grown cells nor in the dark if a source of nitrogen is provided | Parachlorella kessleri | - |
| 1.3.7.12 | cotyledon | senescent cotyledons | Brassica napus | - |
| 1.3.7.12 | leaf | senescent | Festuca pratensis | - |
| 1.3.7.12 | leaf | senescent | Hordeum vulgare | - |
| 1.3.7.12 | additional information | in Chlorella, the release of red pigments is correlated with the loss of chlorophyll only if the cells are kept in the dark. These pigments are neither produced in light-grown cells nor in the dark if a source of nitrogen is provided | Auxenochlorella protothecoides | - |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| EC Number | Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.3.7.12 | additional information | in pFCC-1 of Brassica napus as well as in Chlorella protothecoides 18O is only found in the formyl group of pyrrole B, and hence the respective enzymes are monooxygenases. The lactam oxygen in pyrrole A is most probably derived from H2O | Brassica napus | ? | - |
? | |
| 1.3.7.12 | additional information | in pFCC-1 of Brassica napus as well as in Chlorella protothecoides 18O is only found in the formyl group of pyrrole B, and the respective enzymes are monooxygenases. The lactam oxygen in pyrrole A is most probably derived from H2O | Auxenochlorella protothecoides | ? | - |
? | |
| 1.3.7.12 | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | - |
Phaseolus vulgaris | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| 1.3.7.12 | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | - |
Capsicum annuum | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| 1.3.7.12 | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | - |
Parachlorella kessleri | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| 1.3.7.12 | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | - |
Festuca pratensis | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| 1.3.7.12 | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | - |
Hordeum vulgare | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| 1.3.7.12 | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | in Chlorella, the release of red pigments is correlated with the loss of chlorophyll only if the cells are kept in the dark. These pigments are neither produced in light-grown cells nor in the dark if a source of nitrogen is provided | Auxenochlorella protothecoides | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| 1.3.7.12 | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | in Chlorella, the release of red pigments is correlated with the loss of chlorophyll only if the cells are kept in the dark. These pigments are neither produced in light-grown cells nor in the dark if a source of nitrogen is provided | Parachlorella kessleri | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| 1.3.7.12 | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | two atoms of oxygen are introduced into RCC, pFCC-1 and the corresponding red catabolites of Chlorella protothecoides and production of pFCC-1 from Pheide a requires dioxygen | Brassica napus | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| 1.3.7.12 | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | two atoms of oxygen are introduced into RCC, pFCC-1 and the corresponding red catabolites of Chlorella protothecoides and production of pFCC-1 from Pheide a requires dioxygen | Auxenochlorella protothecoides | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| 1.3.7.12 | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | stereospecificity towards reduction of C1 | Phaseolus vulgaris | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| 1.3.7.12 | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | stereospecificity towards reduction of C1 | Festuca pratensis | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| 1.3.7.12 | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | stereospecificity towards reduction of C1 | Hordeum vulgare | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | three products identified as pFCC-1 and pFCC-2, that have identical constitutions but differ in the absolute configuration at C1, and pFCC-3 with undetermined structure | ? | |
| 1.3.7.12 | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | stereospecificity towards reduction of C1 | Capsicum annuum | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | two products identified as pFCC-1 and pFCC-2, that have identical constitutions but differ in the absolute configuration at C1 | ? | |
| 1.3.7.12 | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | two atoms of oxygen are introduced into RCC, pFCC-1 and the corresponding red catabolites of Chlorella protothecoides and production of pFCC-1 from Pheide a requires dioxygen, stereospecificity towards reduction of C1 | Brassica napus | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
Synonyms
| EC Number | Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.3.7.12 | RCC reductase | - |
Phaseolus vulgaris |
| 1.3.7.12 | RCC reductase | - |
Brassica napus |
| 1.3.7.12 | RCC reductase | - |
Capsicum annuum |
| 1.3.7.12 | RCC reductase | - |
Auxenochlorella protothecoides |
| 1.3.7.12 | RCC reductase | - |
Parachlorella kessleri |
| 1.3.7.12 | RCC reductase | - |
Festuca pratensis |
| 1.3.7.12 | RCC reductase | - |
Hordeum vulgare |
Cofactor
| EC Number | Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.3.7.12 | Ferredoxin | - |
Phaseolus vulgaris | |
| 1.3.7.12 | Ferredoxin | - |
Brassica napus | |
| 1.3.7.12 | Ferredoxin | - |
Capsicum annuum | |
| 1.3.7.12 | Ferredoxin | - |
Auxenochlorella protothecoides | |
| 1.3.7.12 | Ferredoxin | - |
Parachlorella kessleri | |
| 1.3.7.12 | Ferredoxin | - |
Festuca pratensis | |
| 1.3.7.12 | Ferredoxin | - |
Hordeum vulgare |
General Information
| EC Number | General Information | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.3.7.12 | evolution | RCC reductase activity can be demonstrated in mono- as well as in dicotyledons, and is also found in pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Within a plant family RCC reductases from different genera and species have the same stereospecificity | Phaseolus vulgaris |
| 1.3.7.12 | evolution | RCC reductase activity can be demonstrated in mono- as well as in dicotyledons, and is also found in pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Within a plant family RCC reductases from different genera and species have the same stereospecificity | Brassica napus |
| 1.3.7.12 | evolution | RCC reductase activity can be demonstrated in mono- as well as in dicotyledons, and is also found in pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Within a plant family RCC reductases from different genera and species have the same stereospecificity | Capsicum annuum |
| 1.3.7.12 | evolution | RCC reductase activity can be demonstrated in mono- as well as in dicotyledons, and is also found in pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Within a plant family RCC reductases from different genera and species have the same stereospecificity | Festuca pratensis |
| 1.3.7.12 | evolution | RCC reductase activity can be demonstrated in mono- as well as in dicotyledons, and is also found in pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Within a plant family RCC reductases from different genera and species have the same stereospecificity | Hordeum vulgare |
| 1.3.7.12 | metabolism | leaf senescence is accompanied by the metabolism of chlorophyll (Chl) to nonfluorescent catabolites (NCCs). The pathway of Chl degradation comprises several reactions and includes the occurrence of intermediary catabolites. After removal of phytol and the central Mg atom from Chl by chlorophyllase and Mg dechelatase, respectively, the porphyrin macrocycle of pheophorbide (Pheide) a is cleaved. This two-step reaction is catalyzed by Pheide a oxygenase and RCC reductase and yields a primary fluorescent catabolite (pFCC). After hydroxylation and additional species-specific modifications, FCCs are tautomerized nonenzymically to NCCs inside the vacuole | Festuca pratensis |
| 1.3.7.12 | metabolism | leaf senescence is accompanied by the metabolism of chlorophyll (Chl) to nonfluorescent catabolites (NCCs). The pathway of Chl degradation comprises several reactions and includes the occurrence of intermediary catabolites. After removal of phytol and the central Mg atom from Chl by chlorophyllase and Mg dechelatase, respectively, the porphyrin macrocycle of pheophorbide (Pheide) a is cleaved. This two-step reaction is catalyzed by Pheide a oxygenase and RCC reductase and yields a primary fluorescent catabolite (pFCC). After hydroxylation and additional species-specific modifications, in Chlorella, the final degradation products of chlorophyll are excreted into the surrounding medium, whereas in higher plants they are deposited in the vacuoles of mesophyll cells. Occurrence of catabolites of both Chl a and b in Chlorella. In Chlorella porphyrin cleavage does not require the joint action of a monooxygenase and a reductase as is the case in higher plants | Parachlorella kessleri |
| 1.3.7.12 | metabolism | leaf senescence is accompanied by the metabolism of chlorophyll (Chl) to nonfluorescent catabolites (NCCs). The pathway of Chl degradation comprises several reactions and includes the occurrence of intermediary catabolites. After removal of phytol and the central Mg atom from Chl by chlorophyllase and Mg dechelatase, respectively, the porphyrin macrocycle of pheophorbide (Pheide) a is cleaved. This two-step reaction is catalyzed by Pheide a oxygenase and RCC reductase and yields a primary fluorescent catabolite (pFCC). Two atoms of oxygen are introduced into RCC, pFCC-1 and the corresponding red catabolites of Chlorella protothecoides and production of pFCC-1 from Pheide a requires dioxygen. After hydroxylation and additional species-specific modifications, FCCs are tautomerized nonenzymically to NCCs inside the vacuole | Brassica napus |
| 1.3.7.12 | metabolism | leaf senescence is accompanied by the metabolism of chlorophyll to nonfluorescent catabolites (NCCs). The pathway of chlorophyll degradation comprises several reactions and includes the occurrence of intermediary catabolites. After removal of phytol and the central Mg atom from chlorophyll by chlorophyllase and Mg dechelatase, respectively, the porphyrin macrocycle of pheophorbide (Pheide) a is cleaved. This two-step reaction is catalyzed by Pheide a oxygenase and RCC reductase and yields a primary fluorescent catabolite (pFCC). After hydroxylation and additional species-specific modifications, FCCs are tautomerized nonenzymically to NCCs inside the vacuole | Phaseolus vulgaris |
| 1.3.7.12 | metabolism | leaf senescence is accompanied by the metabolism of chlorophyll to nonfluorescent catabolites (NCCs). The pathway of chlorophyll degradation comprises several reactions and includes the occurrence of intermediary catabolites. After removal of phytol and the central Mg atom from chlorophyll by chlorophyllase and Mg dechelatase, respectively, the porphyrin macrocycle of pheophorbide (Pheide) a is cleaved. This two-step reaction is catalyzed by Pheide a oxygenase and RCC reductase and yields a primary fluorescent catabolite (pFCC). After hydroxylation and additional species-specific modifications, FCCs are tautomerized nonenzymically to NCCs inside the vacuole | Capsicum annuum |
| 1.3.7.12 | metabolism | leaf senescence is accompanied by the metabolism of chlorophyll to nonfluorescent catabolites (NCCs). The pathway of chlorophyll degradation comprises several reactions and includes the occurrence of intermediary catabolites. After removal of phytol and the central Mg atom from chlorophyll by chlorophyllase and Mg dechelatase, respectively, the porphyrin macrocycle of pheophorbide (Pheide) a is cleaved. This two-step reaction is catalyzed by Pheide a oxygenase and RCC reductase and yields a primary fluorescent catabolite (pFCC). After hydroxylation and additional species-specific modifications, FCCs are tautomerized nonenzymically to NCCs inside the vacuole | Hordeum vulgare |
| 1.3.7.12 | metabolism | the oxygenase catalyzing porphyrin cleavage is a monooxygenase. In Chlorella, a mechanism with intermediary formation of a C4:C5 epoxide and subsequent hydrolytic cleavage and prototropic rearrangements has been proposed. Thereby, the second rearrangement at C10 has been demonstrated to be highly stereoselective. Two atoms of oxygen are introduced into RCC, pFCC-1 and the corresponding red catabolites of Chlorella protothecoides and production of pFCC-1 from Pheide a requires dioxygen. After hydroxylation and additional species-specific modifications, in Chlorella, the final degradation products of chlorophyll are excreted into the surrounding medium, whereas in higher plants they are deposited in the vacuoles of mesophyll cells. Occurrence of catabolites of both Chl a and b in Chlorella. In Chlorella porphyrin cleavage does not require the joint action of a monooxygenase and a reductase as is the case in higher plants | Auxenochlorella protothecoides |
| 1.3.7.12 | additional information | in contrast to the enzyme's O2 sensitivity, the coupled in vitro assay (formation of pFCC from Pheide a) requires oxygen for incorporation into the substrate. In the metabolic channelling of the two partial reactions, PaO creates an oxygen-depleted microenvironment which allows the action of RCC reductase | Phaseolus vulgaris |
| 1.3.7.12 | additional information | in contrast to the enzyme's O2 sensitivity, the coupled in vitro assay (formation of pFCC from Pheide a) requires oxygen for incorporation into the substrate. In the metabolic channelling of the two partial reactions, PaO creates an oxygen-depleted microenvironment which allows the action of RCC reductase | Brassica napus |
| 1.3.7.12 | additional information | in contrast to the enzyme's O2 sensitivity, the coupled in vitro assay (formation of pFCC from Pheide a) requires oxygen for incorporation into the substrate. In the metabolic channelling of the two partial reactions, PaO creates an oxygen-depleted microenvironment which allows the action of RCC reductase | Capsicum annuum |
| 1.3.7.12 | additional information | in contrast to the enzyme's O2 sensitivity, the coupled in vitro assay (formation of pFCC from Pheide a) requires oxygen for incorporation into the substrate. In the metabolic channelling of the two partial reactions, PaO creates an oxygen-depleted microenvironment which allows the action of RCC reductase | Festuca pratensis |
| 1.3.7.12 | additional information | in contrast to the enzyme's O2 sensitivity, the coupled in vitro assay (formation of pFCC from Pheide a) requires oxygen for incorporation into the substrate. In the metabolic channelling of the two partial reactions, PaO creates an oxygen-depleted microenvironment which allows the action of RCC reductase | Hordeum vulgare |
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