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Literature summary extracted from

  • Wall, M.J.; Quinn, A.J.; DCunha, G.B.
    Manganese (Mn2+)-dependent storage stabilization of Rhodotorula glutinis phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity (2008), J. Agric. Food Chem., 56, 894-902.
    View publication on PubMed

Activating Compound

EC Number Activating Compound Comment Organism Structure
4.3.1.25 Mn2+ stabilization of enzyme Rhodotorula glutinis

Application

EC Number Application Comment Organism
4.3.1.24 synthesis phenylalanine ammonia-lyase's reverse reaction is exploited for the commercial production of optically pure L-phenylalanine from trans-cinnamic acid Rhodotorula glutinis
4.3.1.25 synthesis use of enzyme for synthesis of optically pure L-phenylalanine from trans-cinnamate Rhodotorula glutinis

Metals/Ions

EC Number Metals/Ions Comment Organism Structure
4.3.1.24 Ca2+ partially stabilizes the enzyme during storage, but less effective than Mn2+ Rhodotorula glutinis
4.3.1.24 Li+ partially stabilizes the enzyme during storage, but less effective than Mn2+ Rhodotorula glutinis
4.3.1.24 Mg2+ stabilizes the enzyme during storage, but slightly less effective than Mn2+ Rhodotorula glutinis
4.3.1.24 Mn2+ stabilizes the enzyme during storage, overview Rhodotorula glutinis
4.3.1.24 Zn2+ partially stabilizes the enzyme during storage, but less effective than Mn2+ Rhodotorula glutinis

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
4.3.1.24 L-phenylalanine Rhodotorula glutinis
-
 (E)-cinnamate + NH3
-
 r
4.3.1.24 L-phenylalanine Rhodotorula glutinis RE4607095D
-
 (E)-cinnamate + NH3
-
 r

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
4.3.1.24 Rhodotorula glutinis
-
-
-
4.3.1.24 Rhodotorula glutinis RE4607095D
-
-
-
4.3.1.25 Rhodotorula glutinis
-
 enzyme expression is induced up to 3fold by presence of L-isoleucine, L-phenylalanine or L-tyrosine in growth medium. The presence of trans-cinnamic acid suppresses enzyme expression
-

Specific Activity [micromol/min/mg]

EC Number Specific Activity Minimum [µmol/min/mg] Specific Activity Maximum [µmol/min/mg] Comment Organism
4.3.1.24 additional information
-
 relative enzyme activity after different storage conditions, overview Rhodotorula glutinis

Storage Stability

EC Number Storage Stability Organism
4.3.1.24 0-2°C, rapid loss of PAL activity during storage of the yeast cells, Mn2+-dependent storage stabilization: whole cells retain nearly 85% of the original enzyme activity for at least 12 weeks with 0.01% Mn2+ in storage buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.8, while the control loses all enzyme activity after 8 weeks. Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+ or Li+ can only partially substitute for Mn2+, overview Rhodotorula glutinis
4.3.1.25 0-2°C, 50 mM Tris/HCl, 0.01% Mn2+, pH 8.8, whole cells retain 85% of initial enzyme activity for at least 12 weeks Rhodotorula glutinis

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
4.3.1.24 L-phenylalanine
-
 Rhodotorula glutinis (E)-cinnamate + NH3
-
 r
4.3.1.24 L-phenylalanine
-
 Rhodotorula glutinis RE4607095D (E)-cinnamate + NH3
-
 r
4.3.1.25 L-phenylalanine
-
 Rhodotorula glutinis (E)-cinnamate + NH3
-
 r
4.3.1.25 L-phenylalanine
-
 Rhodotorula glutinis RE4607095D (E)-cinnamate + NH3
-
 r
4.3.1.25 trans-cinnamate + NH3
-
 Rhodotorula glutinis L-phenylalanine
-
 r
4.3.1.25 trans-cinnamate + NH3
-
 Rhodotorula glutinis RE4607095D L-phenylalanine
-
 r

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
4.3.1.24 PAL
-
 Rhodotorula glutinis

Temperature Optimum [°C]

EC Number Temperature Optimum [°C] Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
4.3.1.24 30
-
 forward and reverse reactions Rhodotorula glutinis

pH Optimum

EC Number pH Optimum Minimum pH Optimum Maximum Comment Organism
4.3.1.24 8.8
-
 forward reaction Rhodotorula glutinis
4.3.1.24 9
-
 reverse reaction Rhodotorula glutinis

pH Range

EC Number pH Minimum pH Maximum Comment Organism
4.3.1.24 7 10 forward and reverse reactions Rhodotorula glutinis