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Literature summary extracted from
- Redox activation of aldose reductase in the ischemic heart (2006), J. Biol. Chem., 281, 15110-15120.
Activating Compound
| EC Number | Activating Compound | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.21 | DTT | activates the enzyme in healthy heart slightly, but slightly inhibits the ischemic heart enzyme | Rattus norvegicus |  |
| 1.1.1.21 | peroxynitrite | peroxynitrite activates by oxidizing cysteine resiudes to sulfenic acid. C298 is the major site of sulfenic acid formation and oxidation of C298 is necessary and sufficient for enzyme activation by peroxynitrite | Homo sapiens | |
| 1.1.1.21 | sulfate | activates the enzyme in ischemic heart | Rattus norvegicus | |
Application
| EC Number | Application | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.21 | medicine | treatment with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester prevented ischemia-induced aldose reductase activation and myocardial sorbitol accumulation in rat hearts subjected to global ischemia ex vivo or coronary ligation in situ, whereas inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase have no effect. Activation of aldose reductase in the ischemic heart is abolished by pretreatment with peroxynitrite scavengers hesperetin or 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-[4-sulfonatophenyl]-porphyrinato-iron [III] | Rattus norvegicus |
Cloned(Commentary)
| EC Number | Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.21 | expression in Escherichia coli, with His-tag | Homo sapiens |
Protein Variants
| EC Number | Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.21 | C298S | treatment with peroxynitrite does not significantly affect the catalytic activity of C298S, and enzyme is insensitive to dimedone | Homo sapiens |
| 1.1.1.21 | C303S | mutant is activated by peroxynitrite, and the peroxynitrite-modified protein is inhibited by dimedone | Homo sapiens |
Inhibitors
| EC Number | Inhibitors | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.21 | DTT | activates the enzyme in healthy heart slightly, but slightly inhibits the ischemic heart enzyme | Rattus norvegicus | |
| 1.1.1.21 | sorbinil | - |
Rattus norvegicus | |
KM Value [mM]
| EC Number | KM Value [mM] | KM Value Maximum [mM] | Substrate | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.21 | additional information | - |
additional information | steady-state kinetics | Rattus norvegicus | |
| 1.1.1.21 | 0.071 | - |
DL-glyceraldehyde | pH 6.0, 25°C, healthy heart | Rattus norvegicus | |
| 1.1.1.21 | 0.0835 | - |
DL-glyceraldehyde | pH 6.0, 25°C, ischemic heart | Rattus norvegicus | |
| 1.1.1.21 | 0.0836 | - |
DL-glyceraldehyde | pH 6.0, 25°C, healthy heart, in presence of DTT | Rattus norvegicus | |
| 1.1.1.21 | 0.0934 | - |
DL-glyceraldehyde | pH 6.0, 25°C, ischemic heart, in presence of DTT | Rattus norvegicus | |
| 1.1.1.21 | 0.0973 | - |
DL-glyceraldehyde | presence of peroxynitrite, pH 7.0, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
| 1.1.1.21 | 0.124 | - |
DL-glyceraldehyde | pH 7.0, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
| 1.1.1.21 | 0.1734 | - |
DL-glyceraldehyde | presence of dimedone, pH 7.0, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
| 1.1.1.21 | 0.4287 | - |
DL-glyceraldehyde | presence of peroxynitrite and dimedone, pH 7.0, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| EC Number | Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.21 | additional information | Rattus norvegicus | the enzyme shows increased activity and is redox activated in ischemic heart | ? | - |
? | |
Organism
| EC Number | Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.21 | Homo sapiens | - |
- |
- |
| 1.1.1.21 | Rattus norvegicus | - |
- |
- |
| 1.1.1.21 | Rattus norvegicus | - |
male sprague-dawley rats | - |
Purification (Commentary)
| EC Number | Purification (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.21 | native enzyme partially from left ventricular tissue, by ultracentrifugation and gel filtration | Rattus norvegicus |
Source Tissue
| EC Number | Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.21 | heart | healthy and ischemic, left ventricular tissue | Rattus norvegicus | - |
| 1.1.1.21 | heart | ischemic heart | Rattus norvegicus | - |
Specific Activity [micromol/min/mg]
| EC Number | Specific Activity Minimum [µmol/min/mg] | Specific Activity Maximum [µmol/min/mg] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.21 | additional information | - |
- |
Rattus norvegicus |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| EC Number | Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.21 | DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH | - |
Homo sapiens | glycerol + NAD(P)+ | - |
? | |
| 1.1.1.21 | DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+ | - |
Rattus norvegicus | glycerol + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| 1.1.1.21 | additional information | the enzyme shows increased activity and is redox activated in ischemic heart | Rattus norvegicus | ? | - |
? | |
Synonyms
| EC Number | Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.21 | aldose reductase | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.1.1.21 | AR | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
Temperature Optimum [°C]
| EC Number | Temperature Optimum [°C] | Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.21 | 25 | - |
assay at | Rattus norvegicus |
pH Optimum
| EC Number | pH Optimum Minimum | pH Optimum Maximum | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.21 | 6 | - |
assay at | Rattus norvegicus |
Cofactor
| EC Number | Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.21 | NADPH | - |
Rattus norvegicus | |
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Release 2023.1 (January 2023)
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