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Literature summary extracted from

  • Nyyssola, A.; Kerovuo, J.; Kaukinen, P.; von Weymarn, N.; Reinikainen, T.
    Extreme halophiles synthesize betaine from glycine by methylation (2000), J. Biol. Chem., 275, 22196-22201.
    View publication on PubMed

Cloned(Commentary)

EC Number Cloned (Comment) Organism
2.1.1.156 DNA and amino acid sequence determination, functional coexpression in Escherichia coli with sarcosine dimethylglycine methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.157, conferring betaine accumulation and increased salt tolerance to the Escherichia coli cells Halorhodospira halochloris
2.1.1.156 DNA and amino acid sequence determination, the single gene encodes the glycine sarcosine methyltransferase as well as the sarcosine dimethylglycine methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.157, the latter being probably a proteolytic processing product of the first, poor expression in Escherichia coli of the full length and the truncated enzyme Actinopolyspora halophila
2.1.1.157 DNA and amino acid sequence determination, the single gene encodes the sarcosine dimethylglycine methyltransferase as well as the glycine sarcosine methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.156, the first being probably a proteolytic processing product of the latter, functional expression of a truncated soluble enzyme form in Escherichia coli Actinopolyspora halophila

General Stability

EC Number General Stability Organism
2.1.1.156 enzyme is instable during purification, activity is lost within 30 min Actinopolyspora halophila

Molecular Weight [Da]

EC Number Molecular Weight [Da] Molecular Weight Maximum [Da] Comment Organism
2.1.1.156 38000
-
 gel filtration Halorhodospira halochloris
2.1.1.157 32000
-
 gel filtration Actinopolyspora halophila

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
2.1.1.156 additional information Halorhodospira halochloris the enzyme catalyzes the first 2 steps of betaine synthesis from glycine in a 3-step process ?
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 additional information Actinopolyspora halophila the enzyme catalyzes the first 2 steps of betaine synthesis from glycine in a 3-step process ?
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine Halorhodospira halochloris
-
 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine Actinopolyspora halophila
-
 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine Halorhodospira halochloris
-
 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine Actinopolyspora halophila
-
 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 additional information Halorhodospira halochloris the enzyme catalyzes the last 2 steps of betaine synthesis from glycine in a 3-step process ?
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 additional information Actinopolyspora halophila the enzyme catalyzes the last 2 steps of betaine synthesis from glycine in a 3-step process ?
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine Halorhodospira halochloris
-
 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + betaine
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine Actinopolyspora halophila
-
 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + betaine
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine Halorhodospira halochloris
-
 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine Actinopolyspora halophila
-
 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 ?

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
2.1.1.156 Actinopolyspora halophila Q9KJ20
-
-
2.1.1.156 Halorhodospira halochloris
-
-
-
2.1.1.156 Halorhodospira halochloris Q9KJ22 i.e. Halorhodospira halochloris, ATCC 35916
-
2.1.1.157 Actinopolyspora halophila
-
 ATCC 27976
-
2.1.1.157 Halorhodospira halochloris
-
-
-
2.1.1.157 Halorhodospira halochloris Q9KJ21 i.e. Halorhodospira halochloris
-

Purification (Commentary)

EC Number Purification (Comment) Organism
2.1.1.156 by hydrophobic interaction chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and ultrafiltration Halorhodospira halochloris
2.1.1.157 by AMP affinity chromatography and ultrafiltration Actinopolyspora halophila

Reaction

EC Number Reaction Comment Organism Reaction ID
2.1.1.157 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine = 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + betaine (overall reaction) Halorhodospira halochloris
a
2.1.1.157 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + betaine + H+ (1b) Halorhodospira halochloris
a
2.1.1.157 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine (1a) Halorhodospira halochloris
a

Specific Activity [micromol/min/mg]

EC Number Specific Activity Minimum [µmol/min/mg] Specific Activity Maximum [µmol/min/mg] Comment Organism
2.1.1.156 0.023
-
 activity with glycine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine in crude cell extracts Actinopolyspora halophila
2.1.1.156 0.058
-
 activity with glycine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine in crude cell extracts Halorhodospira halochloris
2.1.1.156 0.19
-
 activity with sarcosine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine, purified enzyme Halorhodospira halochloris
2.1.1.156 0.23
-
 activity with sarcosine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine in crude cell extracts Halorhodospira halochloris
2.1.1.156 0.34
-
 activity with sarcosine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine in crude cell extracts Actinopolyspora halophila
2.1.1.156 0.52
-
 activity with glycine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine, purified enzyme Halorhodospira halochloris
2.1.1.157 0.23
-
 activity with sarcosine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine in crude cell extracts Halorhodospira halochloris
2.1.1.157 0.34
-
 activity with sarcosine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine in crude cell extracts Actinopolyspora halophila
2.1.1.157 0.36
-
 activity with sarcosine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine, purified enzyme Actinopolyspora halophila
2.1.1.157 0.93
-
 activity with N,N-dimethylglycine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine in crude cell extracts Actinopolyspora halophila
2.1.1.157 1
-
 activity with N,N-dimethylglycine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine, purified enzyme Actinopolyspora halophila
2.1.1.157 2.6
-
 activity with N,N-dimethylglycine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine in crude cell extracts Halorhodospira halochloris

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
2.1.1.156 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine overall reaction Halorhodospira halochloris 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 additional information the enzyme catalyzes the first 2 steps of betaine synthesis from glycine in a 3-step process Halorhodospira halochloris ?
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 additional information the enzyme catalyzes the first 2 steps of betaine synthesis from glycine in a 3-step process Actinopolyspora halophila ?
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 additional information the enzyme has overlapping activities with the enzyme catalyzing the following reaction steps Halorhodospira halochloris ?
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 additional information the enzyme has overlapping activities with the enzyme catalyzing the following reaction steps Actinopolyspora halophila ?
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
-
 Halorhodospira halochloris S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
-
 Actinopolyspora halophila S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
-
 Halorhodospira halochloris S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine i.e. 2-methylglycine ?
2.1.1.156 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
-
 Halorhodospira halochloris S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
-
 Actinopolyspora halophila S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine i.e. 2-methylglycine Actinopolyspora halophila S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine (overall reaction) Halorhodospira halochloris 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + betaine
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 additional information the enzyme catalyzes the last 2 steps of betaine synthesis from glycine in a 3-step process Halorhodospira halochloris ?
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 additional information the enzyme catalyzes the last 2 steps of betaine synthesis from glycine in a 3-step process Actinopolyspora halophila ?
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 additional information the enzyme has overlapping activities with the enzyme catalyzing the prior reaction steps Halorhodospira halochloris ?
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 additional information the enzyme has overlapping activities with the enzyme catalyzing the prior reaction steps Actinopolyspora halophila ?
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 Halorhodospira halochloris S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + betaine
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 Actinopolyspora halophila S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + betaine
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 Halorhodospira halochloris S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + betaine i.e. N,N,N-trimethylglycine ?
2.1.1.157 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine preferred substrate Actinopolyspora halophila S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + betaine i.e. N,N,N-trimethylglycine ?
2.1.1.157 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine (1b) Halorhodospira halochloris S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + betaine
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
-
 Halorhodospira halochloris S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
-
 Actinopolyspora halophila S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine (1a) Halorhodospira halochloris S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 ?

Subunits

EC Number Subunits Comment Organism
2.1.1.156 monomer 1 * 38000, SDS-PAGE Halorhodospira halochloris
2.1.1.157 monomer 1 * 32000, SDS-PAGE Actinopolyspora halophila

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
2.1.1.156 glycine sarcosine methyltransferase
-
 Halorhodospira halochloris
2.1.1.156 glycine sarcosine methyltransferase
-
 Actinopolyspora halophila
2.1.1.156 GSMT
-
 Halorhodospira halochloris
2.1.1.156 GSMT
-
 Actinopolyspora halophila
2.1.1.157 sarcosine dimethylglycine methyltransferase
-
 Halorhodospira halochloris
2.1.1.157 sarcosine dimethylglycine methyltransferase
-
 Actinopolyspora halophila
2.1.1.157 SDMT
-
 Halorhodospira halochloris
2.1.1.157 SDMT
-
 Actinopolyspora halophila

Temperature Optimum [°C]

EC Number Temperature Optimum [°C] Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
2.1.1.156 37
-
 assay at Halorhodospira halochloris
2.1.1.156 37
-
 assay at Actinopolyspora halophila
2.1.1.157 37
-
 assay at Halorhodospira halochloris
2.1.1.157 37
-
 assay at Actinopolyspora halophila

pH Optimum

EC Number pH Optimum Minimum pH Optimum Maximum Comment Organism
2.1.1.156 7.5
-
 assay at Halorhodospira halochloris
2.1.1.156 7.5
-
 assay at Actinopolyspora halophila
2.1.1.157 7.5
-
 assay at Halorhodospira halochloris
2.1.1.157 7.5
-
 assay at Actinopolyspora halophila