Any feedback?
Literature summary extracted from
- Aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (1987), The Enzymes, 3rd Ed. (Boyer, P. D. , ed. ), 18, 217-282.
No PubMed abstract available
Activating Compound
| EC Number | Activating Compound | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.16.1 | cAMP-dependent protein kinase | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| 1.14.16.1 | cAMP-dependent protein kinase | 2-4fold increase in activity in the presence of tetrahydrobiopterin | Rattus norvegicus | |
| 1.14.16.1 | additional information | relatively low activity with tetrahydrobiopterin can be selectively increased by limited proteolysis | Homo sapiens | |
| 1.14.16.1 | additional information | relatively low activity with tetrahydrobiopterin can be selectively increased by limited proteolysis | Rattus norvegicus | |
| 1.14.16.1 | additional information | relatively low activity with tetrahydrobiopterin can be selectively increased by phosphorylation | Rattus norvegicus | |
| 1.14.16.1 | additional information | non activated enzyme has much greater activity with 6-methyltetrahydropterin and dimethyltetrahydropterin than with tetrahydrobiopterin | Rattus norvegicus | |
| 1.14.16.1 | N-ethylmaleimide | activation by alkylation of sulfhydryl groups | Rattus norvegicus |  |
| 1.14.16.1 | Phospholipids | activate | Homo sapiens | |
| 1.14.16.1 | Phospholipids | activate | Rattus norvegicus | |
General Stability
| EC Number | General Stability | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| 1.14.16.2 | phosphorylated enzyme is less stable than nonphosphorylated form | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.14.16.2 | phosphorylated enzyme is less stable than nonphosphorylated form | Bos taurus |
Inhibitors
| EC Number | Inhibitors | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.16.2 | L-Dopa | - |
Bos taurus | |
| 1.14.16.2 | L-Dopa | - |
Rattus norvegicus | |
| 1.14.16.4 | iron chelators | - |
Bos taurus | |
| 1.14.16.4 | iron chelators | - |
Canis lupus familiaris | |
| 1.14.16.4 | iron chelators | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus | |
| 1.14.16.4 | iron chelators | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
KM Value [mM]
| EC Number | KM Value [mM] | KM Value Maximum [mM] | Substrate | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.16.2 | additional information | - |
additional information | - |
Rattus norvegicus | |
| 1.14.16.2 | additional information | - |
additional information | - |
Bos taurus |
Localization
| EC Number | Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.16.4 | soluble | - |
Rattus norvegicus | - |
- |
| 1.14.16.4 | soluble | - |
Bos taurus | - |
- |
| 1.14.16.4 | soluble | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus | - |
- |
| 1.14.16.4 | soluble | - |
Canis lupus familiaris | - |
- |
Metals/Ions
| EC Number | Metals/Ions | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.16.4 | Fe2+ | enzyme from pineal gland, stimulation | Rattus norvegicus | |
| 1.14.16.4 | Fe2+ | enzyme from pineal gland, stimulation | Bos taurus | |
| 1.14.16.4 | Fe2+ | enzyme from pineal gland, stimulation | Oryctolagus cuniculus | |
| 1.14.16.4 | Fe2+ | enzyme from pineal gland, stimulation | Canis lupus familiaris | |
| 1.14.16.4 | Fe2+ | some brain enzymes are stimulated others not | Rattus norvegicus | |
| 1.14.16.4 | Fe2+ | some brain enzymes are stimulated others not | Bos taurus | |
| 1.14.16.4 | Fe2+ | some brain enzymes are stimulated others not | Oryctolagus cuniculus | |
| 1.14.16.4 | Fe2+ | some brain enzymes are stimulated others not | Canis lupus familiaris | |
Molecular Weight [Da]
| EC Number | Molecular Weight [Da] | Molecular Weight Maximum [Da] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.16.1 | 100000 | 110000 | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.14.16.1 | 200000 | 210000 | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.14.16.2 | additional information | - |
peripheral noradrenergic neurons in superior cervical ganglion: MW 130000 Da | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.14.16.2 | additional information | - |
peripheral noradrenergic neurons in superior cervical ganglion: MW 130000 Da | Bos taurus |
| 1.14.16.2 | additional information | - |
high molecular weight of brain enzyme is partly due to association with RNA. This makes it difficult to decide whether tyrosine hydroxylase molecules of different structure are present in the various regions of the brain, cell bodies of noradrenergic neurons: MW 200000 Da, substancia nigra and caudate nucleus, dopaminergic neurons: MW 65000 Da | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.14.16.2 | additional information | - |
high molecular weight of brain enzyme is partly due to association with RNA. This makes it difficult to decide whether tyrosine hydroxylase molecules of different structure are present in the various regions of the brain, cell bodies of noradrenergic neurons: MW 200000 Da, substancia nigra and caudate nucleus, dopaminergic neurons: MW 65000 Da | Bos taurus |
| 1.14.16.2 | 59000 | - |
4 * 59000, SDS-PAGE | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.14.16.2 | 60000 | - |
4 * 60000, SDS-PAGE | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.14.16.2 | 60000 | - |
4 * 60000, SDS-PAGE | Bos taurus |
| 1.14.16.2 | 62000 | - |
4 * 62000 | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.14.16.2 | 260000 | - |
from adrenal medulla | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.14.16.2 | 280000 | - |
- |
Bos taurus |
| 1.14.16.4 | 57500 | - |
2 * 57500 + 2 * 60000, midbrain enzyme, SDS-PAGE | Oryctolagus cuniculus |
| 1.14.16.4 | 60000 | - |
2 * 57500 + 2 * 60000, midbrain enzyme, SDS-PAGE | Oryctolagus cuniculus |
| 1.14.16.4 | 220000 | 240000 | enzyme from hindbrain | Oryctolagus cuniculus |
| 1.14.16.4 | 288000 | - |
- |
Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.14.16.4 | 300000 | - |
- |
Rattus norvegicus |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| EC Number | Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.16.2 | L-tyrosine + (6R)-L-erythro-1',2'-dihydroxypropyltetrahydropterin + O2 | Rattus norvegicus | first step in biosynthesis of catecholamines such as norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine | ? | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.2 | L-tyrosine + (6R)-L-erythro-1',2'-dihydroxypropyltetrahydropterin + O2 | Bos taurus | first step in biosynthesis of catecholamines such as norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine | ? | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.2 | L-tyrosine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 | Rattus norvegicus | first step in biosynthesis of catecholamines such as norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine | 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + dihydrobiopterin + H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.2 | L-tyrosine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 | Bos taurus | first step in biosynthesis of catecholamines such as norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine | 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + dihydrobiopterin + H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.4 | L-tryptophan + tetrahydropteridine + O2 | Rattus norvegicus | enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in biosynthesis of putative neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin | 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + dihydropteridine + H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.4 | L-tryptophan + tetrahydropteridine + O2 | Bos taurus | enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in biosynthesis of putative neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin | 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + dihydropteridine + H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.4 | L-tryptophan + tetrahydropteridine + O2 | Oryctolagus cuniculus | enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in biosynthesis of putative neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin | 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + dihydropteridine + H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.4 | L-tryptophan + tetrahydropteridine + O2 | Canis lupus familiaris | enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in biosynthesis of putative neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin | 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + dihydropteridine + H2O | - |
? | |
Organism
| EC Number | Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.16.1 | Homo sapiens | - |
- |
- |
| 1.14.16.1 | Rattus norvegicus | - |
- |
- |
| 1.14.16.2 | Bos taurus | - |
- |
- |
| 1.14.16.2 | Rattus norvegicus | - |
- |
- |
| 1.14.16.4 | Bos taurus | - |
- |
- |
| 1.14.16.4 | Canis lupus familiaris | - |
- |
- |
| 1.14.16.4 | Oryctolagus cuniculus | - |
- |
- |
| 1.14.16.4 | Rattus norvegicus | - |
- |
- |
Posttranslational Modification
| EC Number | Posttranslational Modification | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.16.1 | additional information | hepatic enzyme consists of a mixture of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated forms | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.14.16.1 | side-chain modification | liver enzyme in untreated animals is a mixture of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated forms, enzyme may be phosphorylated in vivo by cAMP-dependent protein kinase | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.14.16.1 | side-chain modification | activity of liver enzyme might be regulated by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation | Homo sapiens |
Purification (Commentary)
| EC Number | Purification (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| 1.14.16.4 | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus |
| 1.14.16.4 | tryptophan hydroxylase form I and II, pH 4.8, ammonium sulfate, gel filtration, DEAE-Sepharose, 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyltetrahydropteridine-agarose | Rattus norvegicus |
Source Tissue
| EC Number | Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.16.1 | liver | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| 1.14.16.1 | liver | - |
Rattus norvegicus | - |
| 1.14.16.2 | adrenal medulla | - |
Rattus norvegicus | - |
| 1.14.16.2 | adrenal medulla | - |
Bos taurus | - |
| 1.14.16.2 | brain | - |
Rattus norvegicus | - |
| 1.14.16.2 | brain | - |
Bos taurus | - |
| 1.14.16.4 | brain | - |
Rattus norvegicus | - |
| 1.14.16.4 | brain | - |
Bos taurus | - |
| 1.14.16.4 | brain | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus | - |
| 1.14.16.4 | brain | activity in hypothalamus and midbrain-medulla regions, no activity in cerebellum or cortex | Canis lupus familiaris | - |
| 1.14.16.4 | intestinal mucosa | - |
Rattus norvegicus | - |
| 1.14.16.4 | intestinal mucosa | - |
Bos taurus | - |
| 1.14.16.4 | intestinal mucosa | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus | - |
| 1.14.16.4 | intestinal mucosa | - |
Canis lupus familiaris | - |
| 1.14.16.4 | liver | - |
Rattus norvegicus | - |
| 1.14.16.4 | liver | - |
Bos taurus | - |
| 1.14.16.4 | liver | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus | - |
| 1.14.16.4 | liver | - |
Canis lupus familiaris | - |
| 1.14.16.4 | pineal gland | - |
Rattus norvegicus | - |
| 1.14.16.4 | pineal gland | - |
Bos taurus | - |
| 1.14.16.4 | pineal gland | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus | - |
| 1.14.16.4 | pineal gland | - |
Canis lupus familiaris | - |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| EC Number | Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.16.1 | L-phenylalanine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 | relatively low activity with tetrahydrobiopterin can be selectively increased by limited proteolysis, alkylation of sulfhydryl groups with N-ethylmaleimide or phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase | Rattus norvegicus | L-tyrosine + dihydrobiopterin + H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.1 | L-phenylalanine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 | relatively low activity with tetrahydrobiopterin can be selectively increased by limited proteolysis | Homo sapiens | L-tyrosine + dihydrobiopterin + H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.1 | L-phenylalanine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 | relatively low activity with tetrahydrobiopterin can be selectively increased by limited proteolysis | Rattus norvegicus | L-tyrosine + dihydrobiopterin + H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.1 | L-phenylalanine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 | non activated enzyme has much greater activity with 6-methyltetrahydropterin and dimethyltetrahydropterin than with tetrahydrobiopterin | Rattus norvegicus | L-tyrosine + dihydrobiopterin + H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.1 | L-phenylalanine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 | low activity with tetrahydrobiopterin can be selectively increased by a wide variety of reversible and irreversible modificators of the enzyme, e.g. interaction with phospholipids | Homo sapiens | L-tyrosine + dihydrobiopterin + H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.1 | L-phenylalanine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 | low activity with tetrahydrobiopterin can be selectively increased by a wide variety of reversible and irreversible modificators of the enzyme, e.g. interaction with phospholipids | Rattus norvegicus | L-tyrosine + dihydrobiopterin + H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.2 | L-tyrosine + (6R)-L-erythro-1',2'-dihydroxypropyltetrahydropterin + O2 | first step in biosynthesis of catecholamines such as norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine | Rattus norvegicus | ? | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.2 | L-tyrosine + (6R)-L-erythro-1',2'-dihydroxypropyltetrahydropterin + O2 | first step in biosynthesis of catecholamines such as norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine | Bos taurus | ? | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.2 | L-tyrosine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 | - |
Rattus norvegicus | 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + dihydrobiopterin + H2O | 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine is identical with dopa | ? | |
| 1.14.16.2 | L-tyrosine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 | - |
Bos taurus | 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + dihydrobiopterin + H2O | 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine is identical with dopa | ? | |
| 1.14.16.2 | L-tyrosine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 | first step in biosynthesis of catecholamines such as norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine | Rattus norvegicus | 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + dihydrobiopterin + H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.2 | L-tyrosine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 | first step in biosynthesis of catecholamines such as norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine | Bos taurus | 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + dihydrobiopterin + H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.4 | L-tryptophan + tetrahydropteridine + O2 | - |
Rattus norvegicus | 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + dihydropteridine + H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.4 | L-tryptophan + tetrahydropteridine + O2 | - |
Bos taurus | 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + dihydropteridine + H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.4 | L-tryptophan + tetrahydropteridine + O2 | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus | 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + dihydropteridine + H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.4 | L-tryptophan + tetrahydropteridine + O2 | - |
Canis lupus familiaris | 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + dihydropteridine + H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.4 | L-tryptophan + tetrahydropteridine + O2 | enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in biosynthesis of putative neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin | Rattus norvegicus | 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + dihydropteridine + H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.4 | L-tryptophan + tetrahydropteridine + O2 | enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in biosynthesis of putative neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin | Bos taurus | 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + dihydropteridine + H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.4 | L-tryptophan + tetrahydropteridine + O2 | enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in biosynthesis of putative neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin | Oryctolagus cuniculus | 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + dihydropteridine + H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.16.4 | L-tryptophan + tetrahydropteridine + O2 | enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in biosynthesis of putative neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin | Canis lupus familiaris | 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + dihydropteridine + H2O | - |
? | |
Subunits
| EC Number | Subunits | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.16.1 | More | - |
Homo sapiens |
| 1.14.16.1 | More | some authors report that the enzyme exists as a mixture of dimers and tetramers, others report that it exists solely as tetramer or as dimer, percentage of dimers increases on frozen storage, preincubation of the enzyme with phenylalanine leads to even higher than 200000 Da molecular weight forms | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.14.16.1 | tetramer | tetrameric species accounts for 78% of the total enzyme | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.14.16.2 | tetramer | 4 * 62000 | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.14.16.2 | tetramer | 4 * 60000, SDS-PAGE | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.14.16.2 | tetramer | 4 * 60000, SDS-PAGE | Bos taurus |
| 1.14.16.2 | tetramer | 4 * 59000, SDS-PAGE | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.14.16.4 | tetramer | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.14.16.4 | tetramer | 2 * 57500 + 2 * 60000, midbrain enzyme, SDS-PAGE | Oryctolagus cuniculus |
Temperature Stability [°C]
| EC Number | Temperature Stability Minimum [°C] | Temperature Stability Maximum [°C] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.16.2 | 50 | - |
half-life of activated, phosphorylated enzyme: 5 min, half-life of nonphosphorylated enzyme: 15 min | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.14.16.2 | 50 | - |
half-life of activated, phosphorylated enzyme: 5 min, half-life of nonphosphorylated enzyme: 15 min | Bos taurus |
Cofactor
| EC Number | Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.16.1 | tetrahydrobiopterin | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| 1.14.16.1 | tetrahydrobiopterin | - |
Rattus norvegicus | |
Use of this online version of BRENDA is free under the CC BY 4.0 license. See terms of use for full details.
Release 2023.1 (January 2023)
Legal
Curated at
Member of
