Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
---|---|
the three genes, ENO1, ENO2 and ENO3, encoding for three isoforms of the enzyme, alpha-enolase, gamma-enolase, and beta-enolase, respectively, show high sequence identity | Homo sapiens |
Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|---|
cell surface | putative ENOA translocation mechanism, overview | Homo sapiens | 9986 | - |
extracellular | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
- |
additional information | in breast, lung and pancreatic neoplasia, ENOA is localized on the surface of cancer cells, whereas in melanoma and nonsmall cell lung carcinoma cells it can also be secreted by exosomes | Homo sapiens | - |
- |
plasma membrane | - |
Homo sapiens | 5886 | - |
Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
additional information | Homo sapiens | ENOA has C-terminal lysines predominantly responsible for plasminogen activation, interaction of the plasminogen lysinebinding sites with ENOA is dependent upon recognition of ENOA C-terminal lysines K420, K422 and K434, and also K256 | ? | - |
? |
Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
Homo sapiens | - |
three genes, ENO1, ENO2 and ENO3 encoding for three isoforms of the enzyme, alpha-enolase, gamma-enolase, and beta-enolase, respectively | - |
Posttranslational Modification | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
additional information | ENOA in tumor cells is subjected to more acetylation, methylation and phoshorylation than in normal tissues | Homo sapiens |
phosphoprotein | - |
Homo sapiens |
side-chain modification | acetylation, methylation | Homo sapiens |
Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
brain cancer cell | ENOA is upregulated | Homo sapiens | - |
breast cancer cell | cell surface ENOA is enhanced | Homo sapiens | - |
cervix cancer cell | ENOA is upregulated | Homo sapiens | - |
colonic cancer cell | ENOA is upregulated | Homo sapiens | - |
eye cancer cell | ENOA is upregulated | Homo sapiens | - |
follicular thyroid carcinoma cell | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
gastric cancer cell | ENOA is upregulated | Homo sapiens | - |
head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line | ENOA is upregulated | Homo sapiens | - |
kidney cancer cell | ENOA is upregulated | Homo sapiens | - |
leukemia cell | ENOA is upregulated | Homo sapiens | - |
liver cancer cell | ENOA is upregulated | Homo sapiens | - |
lung cancer cell | ENOA is upregulated | Homo sapiens | - |
additional information | tissue-specific expression of isozymes: ENOA is present in almost all adult tissues, beta-enolase is expressed in muscle tissues, and gamma-enolase is found in neurons and neuroendocrine tissues | Homo sapiens | - |
ovary cancer cell | ENOA is upregulated | Homo sapiens | - |
pancreatic cancer cell | ENOA complexes with annexin A2, cytokeratin 8 and tissue-type plasminogen activator in raft membrane fractions of pancreatic cancer cells | Homo sapiens | - |
prostate cancer cell | ENOA is upregulated | Homo sapiens | - |
skeletal muscle cancer cell | ENOA is upregulated | Homo sapiens | - |
skin cancer cell | ENOA is upregulated | Homo sapiens | - |
testicular cancer cell | ENOA is upregulated | Homo sapiens | - |
Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
additional information | ENOA has C-terminal lysines predominantly responsible for plasminogen activation, interaction of the plasminogen lysinebinding sites with ENOA is dependent upon recognition of ENOA C-terminal lysines K420, K422 and K434, and also K256 | Homo sapiens | ? | - |
? |
Subunits | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
More | the monomer of ENOA consists of a smaller N-terminal domain, residues 1-133, and a larger C-terminal domain, residues 141-431 | Homo sapiens |
Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
alpha-enolase | - |
Homo sapiens |
beta-enolase | - |
Homo sapiens |
ENOA | - |
Homo sapiens |
gamma-enolase | - |
Homo sapiens |
Organism | Comment | Expression |
---|---|---|
Homo sapiens | In human follicular thyroid carcinoma cells, retinoic acid causes a decrease in ENOA levels that coincides with their reduced motility | down |
Homo sapiens | ENOA expression is enhanced in diverse cancer cell types, e.g. cell surface ENOA in breast cancer cells, overview | up |
General Information | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
metabolism | in tumor cells, ENOA is upregulated and supports anaerobic proliferation, cf. Warburg effect, it is expressed at the cell surface, where it promotes cancer invasion, and is subjected to a specific array of post-translational modifications, namely acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation | Homo sapiens |
additional information | overexpression of ENOA is associated with tumor development through a process known as aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect. ENOA induces autoantibody production and induces a specific immune response in tumors, overview | Homo sapiens |
physiological function | cell surface ENOA is one of the many plasminogen-binding molecules, interaction of the plasminogen lysinebinding sites with ENOA is dependent upon recognition of ENOA C-terminal lysines K420, K422 and K434, and also K256. Binding with ENOA lysyl residues leads to activation of plasminogen to plasmin by the proteolytic action of either tissue-type or urokinase-type plasminogen activators, overview. ENOA takes part, together with urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, integrins and some cytoskeletal proteins, in a multiprotein complex, called metastasome, responsible for adhesion, migration and proliferation in ovarian cancer cells | Homo sapiens |