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Literature summary for 3.2.1.162 extracted from
- Carrageenans and carrageenases versatile polysaccharides and promising marine enzymes (2018), Phytochem. Rev., 17, 535-571 .
No PubMed abstract available
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lambda-carrageenan + H2O | Bacillus sp. Lc50-1 | - |
? | - |
? |  |
| additional information | Bacillus sp. Lc50-1 | kappa-, iota- and lambda-carrageenase display strict specificity for their substrates, namely kappa-, iota- and lambda-carrageenans, respectively. The enzymes discriminate the substrate probably by recognizing the sulfation pattern of the digalactose reapeting unit of the polysaccharide. lambda-Carrageenas present conserved arginine residues in the catalytic site which are believed to interact with carrageenans in which both sugar residues in the disaccharide units are negatively charged | ? | - |
? | |
Organism
| Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bacillus sp. Lc50-1 | - |
- |
- |
Purification (Commentary)
| Purification (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|
| native enzyme 37.8fold by gel filtration | Bacillus sp. Lc50-1 |
Specific Activity [micromol/min/mg]
| Specific Activity Minimum [µmol/min/mg] | Specific Activity Maximum [µmol/min/mg] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 105.9 | - |
purified native enzyme, pH and temperature not specified in the publication | Bacillus sp. Lc50-1 |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lambda-carrageenan + H2O | - |
Bacillus sp. Lc50-1 | ? | - |
? | |
| additional information | kappa-, iota- and lambda-carrageenase display strict specificity for their substrates, namely kappa-, iota- and lambda-carrageenans, respectively. The enzymes discriminate the substrate probably by recognizing the sulfation pattern of the digalactose reapeting unit of the polysaccharide. lambda-Carrageenas present conserved arginine residues in the catalytic site which are believed to interact with carrageenans in which both sugar residues in the disaccharide units are negatively charged | Bacillus sp. Lc50-1 | ? | - |
? | |
Temperature Stability [°C]
| Temperature Stability Minimum [°C] | Temperature Stability Maximum [°C] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 75 | - |
purified enzyme, 45 min, 50% activity remaining | Bacillus sp. Lc50-1 |
| 85 | - |
purified enzyme, 10 min, 50% activity remaining | Bacillus sp. Lc50-1 |
pH Optimum
| pH Optimum Minimum | pH Optimum Maximum | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8 | - |
- |
Bacillus sp. Lc50-1 |
pH Stability
| pH Stability | pH Stability Maximum | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | 9 | purified enzyme, 15 min, 70% activity remaining | Bacillus sp. Lc50-1 |
General Information
| General Information | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| evolution | lambda-carrageenases belong to a to date unclassified GH family in the carbohydrateactive enzymes (CAZy) database. In spite of having specificities for structure-related substrates, kappa-, iota- and lambda-carrageenases do not share significant sequence homology, although all of them share some common binding site for ions important in stabilizing the enzyme | Bacillus sp. Lc50-1 |
| metabolism | the most important types of commercial carrageenans, namely kappa-, iota- and lambda-carrageenan, are esterified with one, two, and three sulfate groups per repeating disaccharide unit, being also called carrageenose 4'-sulfate, carrageenose 2,4'-disulfate, and carrageenose 2,6,2'-trisulfate, respectively. kappa-Carrageenans occur in the cell wall of some species of marine red algae, such as Chondrus sp., Gigartina sp., Eucheuma sp. and Iridaea sp. but is mostly extracted from tropical seaweed Euchema cottoni (also known as Kappaphycus alvarezii), while iota-carrageenans are mainly extracted from Eucheuma spinosum (also known as Eucheuma denticulatum). Because kappa- and iota-carrageenans are produced from my- and ny-carrageenans, respectively, during the extraction under alkaline at high temperatures or biosynthetically by a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme sulfohydrolase, these polysaccharides are often found in commercial samples. lambda-Carrageenans are extracted from red algae within the Gigartina and Chondrus genera, which produces this type of polysaccharide during the sporophytic stage. These algae are also a source of kappa- and iota-carrageenans when they are in the gametophytic stage, but because they produce mixed chain polysaccharide chains containing both kappa- and iota-units, extraction of kappa- and iota-carrageenans from the mentioned algae is preferred. Carrageenan classes based on the number and position of sulfate groups in the chain, overview. The sulfate and AD contents of commercial kappa-, iota-, and lambda-carrageenans have been determined by acid hydrolysis, infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses and found to be, respectively, 25-30 and 28-35% for the kappa-type, 28-30 and 25-30% for iota-type and 32-39% and 0 for lambda-type, respectively | Bacillus sp. Lc50-1 |
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