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EC Tree
IUBMB Comments This enzyme adds only one galactosyl group to the diacylglycerol; EC 2.4.1.241, digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase, adds a galactosyl group to the product of the above reaction. There are three isoforms in Arabidopsis that can be divided into two types, A-type (MGD1) and B-type (MGD2 and MGD3). MGD1 is the isoform responsible for the bulk of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) synthesis in Arabidopsis .
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Spinacia oleracea The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
Synonyms
mgdg synthase, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase, sll1377, atmgd1, atmgd2, atmgd3, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase1, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 1, mgdg synthase 1, 1,2-diacylglycerol 3-beta-galactosyltransferase,
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1,2-diacylglycerol 3-beta-galactosyltransferase
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galactosyltransferase, uridine diphosphogalactose-1,2-diacylglycerol
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UDP galactose-1,2-diacylglycerol galactosyltransferase
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UDP-galactose-diacylglyceride galactosyltransferase
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UDP-galactose:1,2-diacylglycerol 3-beta-D-galactosyltransferase
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UDP-galactose:diacylglycerol galactosyltransferase
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uridine diphosphogalactose-1,2-diacylglycerol galactosyltransferase
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hexosyl group transfer
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UDP-galactose:1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-beta-D-galactosyltransferase
This enzyme adds only one galactosyl group to the diacylglycerol; EC 2.4.1.241, digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase, adds a galactosyl group to the product of the above reaction. There are three isoforms in Arabidopsis that can be divided into two types, A-type (MGD1) and B-type (MGD2 and MGD3). MGD1 is the isoform responsible for the bulk of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) synthesis in Arabidopsis [4].
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UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
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?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + 1,2-dilinoleoylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-dilinoleoylglycerol
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-
?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP-galactose + 1,2-dilinoleoylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-dilinoleoylglycerol
UDP-galactose + 1,2-dioleoylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-dioleoylglycerol
UDP-galactose + 1,2-distearoylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-distearoylglycerol
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?
UDPgalactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
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-
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?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
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?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
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?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
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?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
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?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
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?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
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?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
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?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
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?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-dilinoleoylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-dilinoleoylglycerol
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?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-dilinoleoylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-dilinoleoylglycerol
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best substrate
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?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-dioleoylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-dioleoylglycerol
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?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-dioleoylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-dioleoylglycerol
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?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-dioleoylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-dioleoylglycerol
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?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-dioleoylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-dioleoylglycerol
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?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-dioleoylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-dioleoylglycerol
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?
UDPgalactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
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involved in biosynthesis of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
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?
UDPgalactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
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last step in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol biosynthesis
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?
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UDPgalactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
UDPgalactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
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involved in biosynthesis of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
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?
UDPgalactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
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last step in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol biosynthesis
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?
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Mn2+
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stimulates, cation not required
Zn2+
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1 mM, stimulation, inhibition at 10 mM
Mg2+
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stimulates
Mg2+
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cation not required
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N-ethylmaleimide
0.15 mM, 65% inactivation after 10 min, recombinant isoenzyme MGD A, preincubation with diacylglycerol and/or phosphatidylglycerol protects
4-hydroxymercuribenzoic acid
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0.01 mM, 65% inhibition
citraconic anhydride
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0.01 and 0.05 mM, 47% and 97% inactivation after 30 min, respectively
o-phenanthroline
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0.1 mM, 55% inhibition, 1,2-dioleoylglycerol protects and activates enzyme
oleic acid
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0.3 mM, 58% inhibition
tert-butyoxycarbonyl-L-methionine hydrosuccinimidyl ester
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0.2 mM, almost complete inactivation after 30 min
N-ethylmaleimide
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0.5 mM, 57% inhibition
N-ethylmaleimide
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0.005-0.1 mM, complete inhibition of solubilized enzyme
N-ethylmaleimide
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5 mM, complete inactivation of enzyme in envelope membranes, 0.008 mM, complete inactivation of solubilized enzyme, preincubation with 1,2-dioleoylglycerol protects
UDP
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UDP
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0.15 mM, 79% inhibition
UDP
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competitive vs. UDP-galactose
Zn2+
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Zn2+
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10 mM, complete inhibition, stimulation at 1 mM
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Lipid
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addition of lipids extracted from chloroplast membranes is necessary to reveal activity of highly delipidated enzyme fraction
phosphatidylglycerol
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best activator of partially purified, delipidated enzyme
phosphatidylinositol
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activation of partially purified, delipidated enzyme
sulfolipid
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activation of partially purified, delipidated enzyme
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additional information
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purified enzyme is not activated by lipids
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0.0022
1,2-dilinoleoylglycerol
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in envelope membrane vesicles
0.02 - 0.18
dioleoylglycerol
additional information
additional information
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0.02
dioleoylglycerol
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in envelope membrane vesicles, at 0.25 mg/ml protein
0.18
dioleoylglycerol
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bulk concentration
0.04
UDPgalactose
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additional information
additional information
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additional information
additional information
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Km value for 1,2-dioleyolglycerol and 1,2-dilinoleoylglycerol in mixed micelles and envelope membrane vesicles expressed as mol fractions
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0.008
UDP
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0.026
UDP
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UDPgalactose as the varied substrate
0.052
UDP
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dioleoylglycerol as the varied substrate
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7.5 - 8.5
recombinant isoenzyme MGD A
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5.5 - 9
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55% of maximal activity at pH 5.5, 85% of maximal activity at pH 9.0
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30
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assay at, activity maximum in long-term incubation
50
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activity maximum in short-term incubation
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isoenzyme MGD A
SwissProt
brenda
molecular modeling using the X-ray structure of Escherichia coli UDP-alpha-D-(N-acetyl)-glucosamine:N-acetylmuramyl-(pentapeptide)pyrophosphoryl-undecaprenyl-4beta-D-(N-acetyl)-glucosaminyl transferase as a template
SwissProt
brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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inner membrane
brenda
monotopic membrane enzyme imbedded within 1 of the 2 leaflets
brenda
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brenda
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integral membrane protein
brenda
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inner membrane
brenda
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MGDG_SPIOL
522
0
57511
Swiss-Prot
Chloroplast (Reliability: 3 )
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45000
x * 45000, most likely a dimer, processed mature enzyme, immunoblot
58000
x * 58000, precursor, deduced from nucleotide sequence
97000
inactivation after gamma-ray irradiation
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monomer
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1 * 22000, SDS-PAGE
?
x * 45000, most likely a dimer, processed mature enzyme, immunoblot
?
x * 58000, precursor, deduced from nucleotide sequence
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dithiothreitol is essential to prevent loss of activity during purification
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cholate-solubilization, gel filtration, Zn2+-Sepharose affinity chromatography
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hydroxyapatite, partial purification
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expression of isoenzyme MGD A in Escherichia coli
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Heemskerk, J.W.M.; Jacobs, F.H.H.; Scheijen, M.A.M.; Helsper, J.P.F.G.; Wintermans, J.F.G.M.
Characterization of galactosyltransferases in spinach chloroplast envelopes
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
918
189-203
1987
Spinacia oleracea
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brenda
Teucher, T.; Heinz, E.
Purification of UDP-galactose: diacylglycerol galactosyltransferase from chloroplast envelopes of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)
Planta
184
319-326
1991
Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Coves, J.; Block, M.A.; Joyard, J.; Douce, R.
Solubilization and partial purification of UDP-galactose:diacylglycerol galactosyltransferase activity from spinach chloroplast envelope
FEBS Lett.
208
401-406
1986
Spinacia oleracea
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brenda
Coves, J.; Joyard, J.; Douce, R.
Lipid requirement and kinetic studies of solubilized UDP-galactose:diacylglycerol galactosyltransferase activity from spinach chloroplast envelope membranes
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
85
4966-4970
1988
Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Marechal, E.; Block, M.A.; Joyard, J.; Douce, R.
Comparison of the kinetic properties of MGDG synthase in mixed micelles and in envelope membranes from spinach chloroplast
FEBS Lett.
352
307-310
1994
Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Marechal, E.; Block, M.A.; Joyard, J.; Douce, R.
Kinetic properties of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase from spinach chloroplast envelope membranes
J. Biol. Chem.
269
5788-5798
1994
Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Marechal, E.; Miege, C.; Block, M.A.; Douce, R.; Joyard, J.
The catalytic site of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase from spinach chloroplast envelope membranes. Biochemical analysis of the structure and of the metal content
J. Biol. Chem.
270
5714-5722
1995
Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Tietje, C.; Heinz, E.
Uridine-diphospho-sulfoquinovose:diacylglycerol sulfoquinovosyltransferase activity is concentrated in the inner membrane of chloroplast envelopes
Planta
206
72-78
1998
Pisum sativum, Spinacia oleracea
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brenda
Miege, C.; Marechal, E.; Shimojima, M.; Awai, K.; Block, M.A.; Ohta, H.; Takamiya, K.I.; Douce, R.; Joyard, J.
Biochemical and topological properties of type A MGDG synthase, a spinach chloroplast envelope enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic MGDG
Eur. J. Biochem.
265
990-1001
1999
Spinacia oleracea (Q9SM44), Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Marechal, E.; Awai, K.; Block, M.A.; Brun, D.; Masuda, T.; Shimada, H.; Takamiya, K.I.; Ohta, H.; Joyard, J.
The multigenic family of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol synthases
Biochem. Soc. Trans.
28
732-738
2000
Arabidopsis thaliana (O81770), Arabidopsis thaliana (O82730), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9SI93), Cucumis sativus, Pisum sativum, Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Botte, C.; Jeanneau, C.; Snajdrova, L.; Bastien, O.; Imberty, A.; Breton, C.; Marechal, E.
Molecular modelling and site directed mutagenesis of plant chloroplast MGDG synthase reveal critical residues for activity
J. Biol. Chem.
280
34691-34701
2005
Spinacia oleracea (Q9SM44), Spinacia oleracea
brenda