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Information on EC 2.4.1.234 - kaempferol 3-O-galactosyltransferase
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EC Tree
2.4.1.234 kaempferol 3-O-galactosyltransferaseIUBMB Comments
Acts on the endogenous flavonols kaempferol and quercetin, to a lesser extent on myricetin and fisetin, and weakly on galangin and isorhamnetin. The reaction can occur equally well in both directions.
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Word Map
- 2.4.1.234
- petunia
- pollen
- flavonols
- maize
- hybrida
-
pollen-specific
-
aglycone
- glycosyltransferases
-
plant-specific
- quercetin
- 3-o-glucosyltransferase
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
Reaction Schemes
Synonyms
f3galtase, flavonol 3-o-galactosyltransferase, udp-galactose:flavonoid 3-o-galactosyltransferase, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + kaempferol = UDP + kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
acts on the endogenous flavonols kaempferol and quercetin, to a lesser extend on myricetin and fisetin, and weakly on galangin and isorhamnetin, the reaction can occur equally well in both directions
-
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + kaempferol = UDP + kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
-
-
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
UDP-galactose:kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactosyltransferase
Acts on the endogenous flavonols kaempferol and quercetin, to a lesser extent on myricetin and fisetin, and weakly on galangin and isorhamnetin. The reaction can occur equally well in both directions.
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
148619-61-8
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
UDP + kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + kaempferol
-
-
-
r
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + cyanidin
UDP + cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
reaction of EC 2.4.1.294
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + kaempferol
UDP + kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
53% of the activity compared to cyanidin
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + peonidin
UDP + peonidin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
26% of the activity compared to cyanidin
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + quercetin
UDP + quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
25% of the activity compared to cyanidin
-
-
?
UDP-D-galactose + isorhamnetin
UDP + isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
kaempferol, isorhamnetin and quercetin are the best substrates, F3GaT transfers a galactosyl residue exclusively to the 3-hydroxyl group of the substrate, 106% of the activity with kaempferol as substrate
-
-
?
UDP-D-galactose + kaempferol
UDP + kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
kaempferol, isorhamnetin and quercetin are the best substrates, F3GaT transfers a galactosyl residue exclusively to the 3-hydroxyl group of the substrate
trifolin
-
?
UDP-D-galactose + kaempferol 4'-monomethylether
UDP + kaempferol 4'-monomethylether 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
79% of the activity with kaempferol as substrate
-
-
?
UDP-D-galactose + myricetin
UDP + myricetin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
28% of the activity with kaempferol as substrate
-
-
?
UDP-D-galactose + quercetin 7-O-glucoside
UDP + quercetin 7-O-glucoside-3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
33% of the activity with kaempferol as substrate
-
-
?
UDP-D-galactose + rhamnetin
UDP + rhamnetin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
75% of the activity with kaempferol as substrate
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxychromen-4-one
UDP + 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxychromen-4-one galactoside
-
20-30% of the activity with kaempferol as substrate
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + fisetin
UDP + fisetin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
23.3% of the activity with kaempferol as substrate
-
-
r
UDP-galactose + galangin
UDP + galangin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
15.1% of the activity with kaempferol as substrate
-
-
r
UDP-galactose + isorhamnetin
UDP + isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
13% of the activity with kaempferol as substrate
-
-
r
UDP-galactose + kaempferide
UDP + kaempferide 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
-
-
r
UDP-galactose + myricetin
UDP + myricetin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
23.4% of the activity with kaempferol as substrate
-
-
r
UDP-galactose + rhamnetin
UDP + rhamnetin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
6.9% of the activity with kaempferol as substrate
-
-
r
UDP-D-galactose + quercetin
UDP + quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
role in pollen germination
quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside induces pollen germination via the reverse activity
-
r
UDP-D-galactose + quercetin
UDP + quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
kaempferol, isorhamnetin and quercetin are the best substrates, F3GaT transfers a galactosyl residue exclusively to the 3-hydroxyl group of the substrate, 104% of the activity with kaempferol as substrate
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + flavonol
UDP + flavonol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
F3GalTase controls the formation of glycosylated flavonols in pollen, enzyme also catalzes the reverse reaction, i.e the production of flavonol aglycone from the galactoside and UDP, and has therefore the potential to control the level of the bioactive flavonol species and as a result, pollen germination, the direction of the reaction could be controlled in vivo by localized hydronium ion changes, control mechanisms of the reversible reaction
-
-
r
UDP-galactose + flavonol
UDP + flavonol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
absolute requirement for UDP-galactose
-
-
r
UDP-galactose + flavonol
UDP + flavonol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
F3GalTase controls the formation of a pollen-specific class of glycosylated flavonols, role in flavonol-induced pollen germination, F3GalTase is expressed exclusively in the male gametophyte, where it modifies a molecule required for functional pollen
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + flavonol
UDP + flavonol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
F3GalTase uses only UDP-galactose and flavonols to catalyze the formation of flavonol 3-O-galactosides, F3GalTase catalyzes the reverse reaction, generation of flavonols from UDP and flavonol 3-O-galactosides, almost as efficiently as the forward reaction
-
-
r
UDP-galactose + flavonol
UDP + flavonol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
highly specific for flavonols and UDP-galactose
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + flavonol
UDP + flavonol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
F3GalTase controls the formation of a pollen-specific class of glycosylated flavonols, role in flavonol-induced pollen germination, F3GalTase is expressed exclusively in the male gametophyte, where it modifies a molecule required for functional pollen
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + flavonol
UDP + flavonol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
F3GalTase uses only UDP-galactose and flavonols to catalyze the formation of flavonol 3-O-galactosides, F3GalTase catalyzes the reverse reaction, generation of flavonols from UDP and flavonol 3-O-galactosides, almost as efficiently as the forward reaction
-
-
r
UDP-galactose + flavonol
UDP + flavonol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + kaempferol
UDP + kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
role in pollen germination, F3GalTase is a gametophyte-specific enzyme, that controls the accumulation of glycosylated flavonols in pollen
endogenous product in pollen, which stimulates pollen germination
-
r
UDP-galactose + kaempferol
UDP + kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
role in pollen germination, the direction of the reaction could be controlled in vivo by localized hydronium ion changes
kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside induces pollen germination via the reverse activity
-
r
UDP-galactose + kaempferol
UDP + kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
F3GalTase is a highly discriminating and efficient enzyme
-
-
r
UDP-galactose + kaempferol
UDP + kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + kaempferol
UDP + kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
-
-
r
UDP-galactose + kaempferol
UDP + kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
-
-
r
UDP-galactose + quercetin
UDP + quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
role in pollen germination, F3GalTase is a gametophyte-specific enzyme, that controls the accumulation of glycosylated flavonols in pollen
endogenous product in pollen, which stimulates pollen germination
-
r
UDP-galactose + quercetin
UDP + quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
F3GalTase is a highly discriminating and efficient enzyme
-
-
r
UDP-galactose + quercetin
UDP + quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + quercetin
UDP + quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
-
-
r
UDP-galactose + quercetin
UDP + quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
-
-
r
additional information
?
-
F3GalTase glycosylates the flavonols required for pollen germination, F3galtase gene regulation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
F3GalTase glycosylates the flavonols required for pollen germination, F3galtase gene regulation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
not: apigenin, naringenin, dihydroquercetin, pelargonidin, delphinidin, cyanidin, NAD+, ferrulic acid, sinapic acid, naphthylphthamic acid, gibberillic acid, indole acetic acid, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, not in the reverse direction: kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
not: apigenin, naringenin, dihydroquercetin, pelargonidin, delphinidin, cyanidin, NAD+, ferrulic acid, sinapic acid, naphthylphthamic acid, gibberillic acid, indole acetic acid, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, not in the reverse direction: kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
not: apigenin, naringenin, dihydroquercetin, pelargonidin, delphinidin, cyanidin, NAD+, ferrulic acid, sinapic acid, naphthylphthamic acid, gibberillic acid, indole acetic acid, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, not in the reverse direction: kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no/poor substrates: kaempferol 5,7,4â-trimethylether, quercetin 5-monomethylether, kaempferol 3-O-galactoside, kaempferol 7-O-glucoside, kaempferol 7-O-rhamnoside, dihydrokaempferol, dihydroquercetin, eriodictyol
-
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
UDP-D-galactose + quercetin
UDP + quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
role in pollen germination
quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside induces pollen germination via the reverse activity
-
r
UDP-galactose + quercetin
UDP + quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
role in pollen germination, F3GalTase is a gametophyte-specific enzyme, that controls the accumulation of glycosylated flavonols in pollen
endogenous product in pollen, which stimulates pollen germination
-
r
UDP-galactose + flavonol
UDP + flavonol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
F3GalTase controls the formation of glycosylated flavonols in pollen, enzyme also catalzes the reverse reaction, i.e the production of flavonol aglycone from the galactoside and UDP, and has therefore the potential to control the level of the bioactive flavonol species and as a result, pollen germination, the direction of the reaction could be controlled in vivo by localized hydronium ion changes, control mechanisms of the reversible reaction
-
-
r
UDP-galactose + flavonol
UDP + flavonol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
F3GalTase controls the formation of a pollen-specific class of glycosylated flavonols, role in flavonol-induced pollen germination, F3GalTase is expressed exclusively in the male gametophyte, where it modifies a molecule required for functional pollen
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + flavonol
UDP + flavonol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
F3GalTase controls the formation of a pollen-specific class of glycosylated flavonols, role in flavonol-induced pollen germination, F3GalTase is expressed exclusively in the male gametophyte, where it modifies a molecule required for functional pollen
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + kaempferol
UDP + kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
role in pollen germination, F3GalTase is a gametophyte-specific enzyme, that controls the accumulation of glycosylated flavonols in pollen
endogenous product in pollen, which stimulates pollen germination
-
r
UDP-galactose + kaempferol
UDP + kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
-
role in pollen germination, the direction of the reaction could be controlled in vivo by localized hydronium ion changes
kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside induces pollen germination via the reverse activity
-
r
additional information
?
-
F3GalTase glycosylates the flavonols required for pollen germination, F3galtase gene regulation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
F3GalTase glycosylates the flavonols required for pollen germination, F3galtase gene regulation
-
-
?
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
2-(3-benzoylphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxychromen-4-one
-
irreversible inhibitor, the effects of the inhibitor are mediated by UV-A light treatment, binding characteristics, kaempferol protects against inhibition
N-ethylmaleimide
-
1 mM, 89% inhibition, 14 mM 2-mercaptoethanol completely restores activity
p-chloromercuribenzoate
-
1 mM, 100% inhibition, 14 mM 2-mercaptoethanol completely restores activity
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.00847
kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
pH 6, 43°C, reverse reaction
0.066
UDP
pH 6, 43°C, cosubstrate kaempferol 3-O-galactoside, reverse reaction
0.102
UDP
pH 6, 43°C, cosubstrate quercetin 3-O-galactoside, reverse reaction
0.387
UDP-galactose
pH 7.5, 43°C, cosubstrate quercetin, forward reaction
0.426
UDP-galactose
pH 7.5, 43°C, cosubstrate kaempferol, forward reaction
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TURNOVER NUMBER [1/s]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
59.9
kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside
pH 6, 43°C, reverse reaction
50.9
UDP
pH 6, 43°C, cosubstrate kaempferol 3-O-galactoside, reverse reaction
89.6
UDP
pH 6, 43°C, cosubstrate quercetin 3-O-galactoside, reverse reaction
57.4
UDP-galactose
pH 7.5, 43°C, cosubstrate quercetin, forward reaction
61.2
UDP-galactose
pH 7.5, 43°C, cosubstrate kaempferol, forward reaction
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SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
7.5
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pH RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
5.5 - 7.5
-
the activity of the forward reaction is 1.6fold higher at pH 7.5 than at 5.5, the activity of the reverse reaction is 8fold higher at pH 5.5 than at 7.5
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
43
assay at, preincubation for 15 min at 43°C results in 5% loss of activity compared with the activity without preincubation
50
maximum activity, but preincubation for 15 min at 50°C results in 26% loss of activity compared with the activity without preincubation
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pI VALUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
V26, V10 and W78 plants, F3GalTase activity is specific to the Solanaceae
SwissProt
brenda
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
F3GalTase is expressed exclusively in the male gametophyte/pollen
brenda
-
F3GalTase is expressed exclusively in the male gametophyte/pollen
-
brenda
from anthers of stage 2-9 flowers, F3GalTase is expressed exclusively in the male gametophyte/pollen, where it modifies a molecule required for functional pollen, expression pattern during development
brenda
-
from anthers of stage 2-9 flowers, F3GalTase is expressed exclusively in the male gametophyte/pollen, where it modifies a molecule required for functional pollen, expression pattern during development
-
brenda
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
metabolism
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in anthocyanin galactosylation in Apium graveolens
metabolism
-
the enzyme is specifically involved in the biosynthesis of flavonol 3-O galactosides. It plays a critical role in regulating the biosynthesis and accumulation of flavonol glycosides in response to N supply
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UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). KGLT_PETHY
451
1
48907
Swiss-Prot
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 2)
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
45000
1 * 45000, native and recombinant F3GalTase, SDS-PAGE, x * 48900, sequence calculation
48900
1 * 45000, native and recombinant F3GalTase, SDS-PAGE, x * 48900, sequence calculation
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SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
monomer
monomer
1 * 45000, native and recombinant F3GalTase, SDS-PAGE, x * 48900, sequence calculation
monomer
-
1 * 45000, native and recombinant F3GalTase, SDS-PAGE, x * 48900, sequence calculation
-
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POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
proteolytic modification
proteolytic modification
residues 1-30 potentially comprise a cleavable signal sequence
proteolytic modification
-
residues 1-30 potentially comprise a cleavable signal sequence
-
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TEMPERATURE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
43
preincubation for 15 min at 43°C results in 5% loss of activity compared with the activity without preincubation
50
maximum activity, but preincubation for 15 min at 50°C results in 26% loss of activity compared with the activity without preincubation
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GENERAL STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
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ORGANIC SOLVENT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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STORAGE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
-20°C, 20 mM imidazole-HCl, pH 8, 10% glycerol, one week, 100% loss of activity
-
-20°C, 20 mM imidazole-HCl, pH 8, 14 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 10% glycerol, 2 days or one week, 35-36% loss of activity
-