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evolution
the enzyme is a member of SGT gene family
evolution
phylogenetic tree of UGT80- and UGT713-related proteins, overview
evolution
UGT80 proteins belong to a third family that is hypothesized to be involved in sterol glucoside synthesis, phylogenetic tree of UGT80- and UGT713-related proteins, overview
evolution
enzyme UGT51 is a member of the GT1 family, GT-B fold group, comprising two Rossman-like domains
evolution
the enzyme belongs to the UDP-glucose sterol glycosyltransferases family of developmental and stress regulated genes that encode cytosolic and membrane-associated forms of the enzyme. Identification and functional characterization of the four members, SlSGT1-4, of the tomato cv. Micro-Tom
evolution
the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana contains two genes coding for UDP-Glc:sterol-glucosyltransferases, UGT80A2 and UGT80B1, and studies of mutant lines indicate that they are only partially redundant
evolution
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phylogenetic tree of UGT80- and UGT713-related proteins, overview
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evolution
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UGT80 proteins belong to a third family that is hypothesized to be involved in sterol glucoside synthesis, phylogenetic tree of UGT80- and UGT713-related proteins, overview
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evolution
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the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana contains two genes coding for UDP-Glc:sterol-glucosyltransferases, UGT80A2 and UGT80B1, and studies of mutant lines indicate that they are only partially redundant
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evolution
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enzyme UGT51 is a member of the GT1 family, GT-B fold group, comprising two Rossman-like domains
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malfunction
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the atg26 mutant is defective in Appressorium-mediated host invasion
malfunction
ugt80B1 mutants displaya a significant reduction only in campesteryl, brassicasteryl, and cholesteryl glucosides, but not sitosteryl or stigmasteryl glucosides
malfunction
analysis of the function of SGTs by silencing SGTL1, SGTL2 and SGTL4 in Withania somnifera. Downregulation of SGTs by artificial miRNAs leads to the enhanced accumulation of withanolide A, withaferin A, sitosterol, stigmasterol and decreased content of withanoside V in virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) lines. This is further correlated with increased expression of WsHMGR, WsDXR, WsFPPS, WsCYP710A1, WsSTE1 and WsDWF5 genes, involved in withanolide biosynthesis. These variations of withanolide concentrations in silenced lines result in pathogen susceptibility as compared to control plants. The infection of Alternaria alternata causes increased salicylic acid, callose deposition, superoxide dismutase and H2O2 in aMIR-VIGS lines. The expression of biotic stress related genes, namely, WsPR1, WsDFS, WsSPI and WsPR10 is also enhanced in aMIR-VIGS lines in time dependent manner. Salicylic acid level increases the expression of defence related genes in silenced lines. A positive feedback regulation of withanolide biosynthesis occurs by silencing of SGTLs which results in reduced biotic tolerance
malfunction
inactivation of UDP-glucose sterol glucosyltransferases enhances Arabidopsis thaliana resistance to Botrytis cinerea infection, which correlates with increased levels of jasmonic acid (JA) and upregulation of two marker genes (PDF1.2 and PR4) of the ERF branch of the JA signaling pathway. Analysis of the response to necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea in an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant that is severely impaired in steryl glycosides biosynthesis due to the inactivation of the two sterol glucosyltransferases, UGT80A2 and UGT80B1. The mutant also accumulates higher levels of camalexin, the major Arabidopsis thaliana phytoalexin, than wild-type plants. Camalexin accumulation correlates with enhanced transcript levels of several cytochrome P450 camalexin biosynthetic genes, as well as of their transcriptional regulators WRKY33, ANAC042, and MYB51, suggesting that the Botrytis-induced accumulation of camalexin is coordinately regulated at the transcriptional level. After fungus infection, the expression of genes involved in the indole glucosinolate biosynthesis is also upregulated at a higher degree in the ugt80A2;B1 mutant than in wild-type plants
malfunction
the plasma membrane cell fate regulator, SCRAMBLED (SCM), is mislocalized in ugt80B1 mutants, underscoring the aberrant root epidermal cell patterning. GFP-tagged SCM is localized to the cytoplasm in a non cell type dependent manner instead of the hair (H) cell plasma membrane in these mutants. Abnormal root hair cell patterning in ugt80B1 mutants is likely the direct result of expression of GL2 in H cell files in this mutant. The aberrant expression of GL2 is caused by the mislocalization of SCM away from the cell periphery, reducing the capacity of the receptor to mediate positional information to the cell. Reductions in specific sterol glucosides might be responsible for the disruption of cell fate regulators in these ugt80B1 mutants. The mislocalization of SCM to the cytoplasm can point to a role for sterol glucosides in vesicular trafficking or plasma membrane protein targeting. Deficiencies in specific sterol glucosides are sufficient to disrupt normal cell function and point to a possible role for sterol glucosides in cargo transport and/or protein targeting to the plasma membrane. Aberrant subcellular localization of SCM:GFP in ugt80B1 epidermal cells from the elongation zone of the root
malfunction
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inactivation of UDP-glucose sterol glucosyltransferases enhances Arabidopsis thaliana resistance to Botrytis cinerea infection, which correlates with increased levels of jasmonic acid (JA) and upregulation of two marker genes (PDF1.2 and PR4) of the ERF branch of the JA signaling pathway. Analysis of the response to necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea in an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant that is severely impaired in steryl glycosides biosynthesis due to the inactivation of the two sterol glucosyltransferases, UGT80A2 and UGT80B1. The mutant also accumulates higher levels of camalexin, the major Arabidopsis thaliana phytoalexin, than wild-type plants. Camalexin accumulation correlates with enhanced transcript levels of several cytochrome P450 camalexin biosynthetic genes, as well as of their transcriptional regulators WRKY33, ANAC042, and MYB51, suggesting that the Botrytis-induced accumulation of camalexin is coordinately regulated at the transcriptional level. After fungus infection, the expression of genes involved in the indole glucosinolate biosynthesis is also upregulated at a higher degree in the ugt80A2;B1 mutant than in wild-type plants
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malfunction
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the plasma membrane cell fate regulator, SCRAMBLED (SCM), is mislocalized in ugt80B1 mutants, underscoring the aberrant root epidermal cell patterning. GFP-tagged SCM is localized to the cytoplasm in a non cell type dependent manner instead of the hair (H) cell plasma membrane in these mutants. Abnormal root hair cell patterning in ugt80B1 mutants is likely the direct result of expression of GL2 in H cell files in this mutant. The aberrant expression of GL2 is caused by the mislocalization of SCM away from the cell periphery, reducing the capacity of the receptor to mediate positional information to the cell. Reductions in specific sterol glucosides might be responsible for the disruption of cell fate regulators in these ugt80B1 mutants. The mislocalization of SCM to the cytoplasm can point to a role for sterol glucosides in vesicular trafficking or plasma membrane protein targeting. Deficiencies in specific sterol glucosides are sufficient to disrupt normal cell function and point to a possible role for sterol glucosides in cargo transport and/or protein targeting to the plasma membrane. Aberrant subcellular localization of SCM:GFP in ugt80B1 epidermal cells from the elongation zone of the root
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malfunction
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ugt80B1 mutants displaya a significant reduction only in campesteryl, brassicasteryl, and cholesteryl glucosides, but not sitosteryl or stigmasteryl glucosides
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metabolism
crosstalk between hormone signaling pathways, particularly those mediated by salicylate and jasmonate, has been found to contribute to plant resistance to different types of pathogens. The results suggest that the salicylate-mediated defense pathway is not involved in the response of the ugt80A2;B1 mutant to Bortrytis cinerea infection. But camalexin and, probably, also indole glucosinolates are actively involved in the enhanced resistance of the ugt80A2;B1 mutant to Bortrytis cinerea infection. The synthesis of alkylglucosinolates in the ugt80A2;B1 mutant is not affected by Bortrytis cinerea infection
metabolism
UGT51 is not involved in autophagy-related pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
metabolism
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crosstalk between hormone signaling pathways, particularly those mediated by salicylate and jasmonate, has been found to contribute to plant resistance to different types of pathogens. The results suggest that the salicylate-mediated defense pathway is not involved in the response of the ugt80A2;B1 mutant to Bortrytis cinerea infection. But camalexin and, probably, also indole glucosinolates are actively involved in the enhanced resistance of the ugt80A2;B1 mutant to Bortrytis cinerea infection. The synthesis of alkylglucosinolates in the ugt80A2;B1 mutant is not affected by Bortrytis cinerea infection
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metabolism
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UGT51 is not involved in autophagy-related pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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physiological function
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required for full virulence of Colletotrichum orbiculare
physiological function
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the enzyme is a cholesteryl glucoside synthetase, whose activity in lipid rafts might act as a potential factor in the thermal sensing reaction. It is involved in induction of heat shock protein factors Hsp70 and HSF-1 under heat stress
physiological function
the membrane-bound enzyme, UDP-glucose:sterol glucosyltransferase, controls the steryl glycoside synthesis
physiological function
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ectopic enzyme overexpression in Withania somnifera promotes growth, enhances glycowithanolide and provides tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Glycosylation not only stabilizes the products but also alters their physiological activities and governs intracellular distribution
physiological function
no role in steryl glucoside synthesis for UGT713B1/At5g24750
physiological function
steryl glucoside may be specific only for cellulose biosynthesis in cotton fibers because mature fibers contain more than 95% of cellulose
physiological function
steryl glucoside may be specific only for cellulose biosynthesis in cotton fibers because mature fibers contain more than 95% of cellulose. Isozyme GhSGT2 mainly participates in catalyzing glucosylation of membrane sterols
physiological function
UGT80A2 accounts for most of the sitosteryl and stigmasteryl glucoside production in seeds
physiological function
UGT80B1 plays a specialized role in steryl glucoside synthesis
physiological function
sterol glycosyltransferases (SGTs) catalyse transfer of glycon moiety to sterols and their related compounds to produce diverse glyco-conjugates or steryl glycosides with different biological and pharmacological activities. SGTs from Withania somnifera play a role in abiotic stresses
physiological function
sterol glycosyltransferases (SGTs) catalyze the formation of a variety of glycosylated sterol derivatives and are involved in producing a plethora of bioactive natural products. Sterol glycosyltransferases as members of UGTs are involved in transferring a sugar from UDP-sugar to various SGs metabolites, including hormones and secondary metabolites
physiological function
sterol glycosyltransferases (SGTs) catalyze the glycosylation of the free hydroxyl group at C-3 position of sterols to produce sterol glycosides. Solanum contain very high levels of glycosylated sterols, which in the case of tomato may account for more than 85% of the total sterol content. Tomato SGT isozymes show the ability to glycosylate different sterol species including cholesterol, brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol, which is consistent with the occurrence in their primary structure of the putative steroid-binding domain found in steroid UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and the UDP-sugar binding domain characteristic for a superfamily of nucleoside diphosphosugar glycosyltransferases. The SlSGT isozyme are differentially regulated in response to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Changes in the relative proportions of sterols alter membrane fluidity and permeability and hence regulate different membrane functions such as simple and carrier-mediated diffusion, active transport across the membrane, and the activity of membrane-associated proteins. Tomato SGT isozymes play overlapping but not completely redundant biological functions involved in mediating developmental and stress responses
physiological function
sterol glycosyltransferases (SGTs) catalyze the glycosylation of the free hydroxyl group at C-3 position of sterols to produce sterol glycosides. Solanum contain very high levels of glycosylated sterols, which in the case of tomato may account for more than 85% of the total sterol content. Tomato SGT isozymes show the ability to glycosylate different sterol species including cholesterol, brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol, which is consistent with the occurrence in their primary structure of the putative steroid-binding domain found in steroid UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and the UDP-sugar binding domain characteristic for a superfamily of nucleoside diphosphosugar glycosyltransferases. The SlSGT isozyme are differentially regulated in response to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Tomato SGT isozymes play overlapping but not completely redundant biological functions involved in mediating developmental and stress responses. Changes in the relative proportions of sterols alter membrane fluidity and permeability and hence regulate different membrane functions such as simple and carrier-mediated diffusion, active transport across the membrane, and the activity of membrane-associated proteins
physiological function
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ectopic enzyme overexpression in Withania somnifera promotes growth, enhances glycowithanolide and provides tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Glycosylation not only stabilizes the products but also alters their physiological activities and governs intracellular distribution
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physiological function
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steryl glucoside may be specific only for cellulose biosynthesis in cotton fibers because mature fibers contain more than 95% of cellulose. Isozyme GhSGT2 mainly participates in catalyzing glucosylation of membrane sterols
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physiological function
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steryl glucoside may be specific only for cellulose biosynthesis in cotton fibers because mature fibers contain more than 95% of cellulose
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physiological function
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no role in steryl glucoside synthesis for UGT713B1/At5g24750
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physiological function
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UGT80A2 accounts for most of the sitosteryl and stigmasteryl glucoside production in seeds
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physiological function
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UGT80B1 plays a specialized role in steryl glucoside synthesis
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physiological function
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sterol glycosyltransferases (SGTs) catalyze the formation of a variety of glycosylated sterol derivatives and are involved in producing a plethora of bioactive natural products. Sterol glycosyltransferases as members of UGTs are involved in transferring a sugar from UDP-sugar to various SGs metabolites, including hormones and secondary metabolites
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additional information
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alteration of the membrane physical state caused by heat stress may be linked to activate sterol glucosyltransferase to form cholesteryl glucoside
additional information
a long hydrophobic cavity, 9.2 A in width and 17.6 A in length located at the N-terminal domain of UGT51, is suitable for the accommodation of sterol acceptor substrates. A short, conserved sequence of S847-M851 is identified at the bottom of the hydrophobic cavity, which might be the steroid binding site and play an important role for the UGT51 catalytic specificity towards sterols. Molecular docking simulations revealing the sugar acceptor specificity, overview. The N- and C-terminal domains predominantly dictate acceptor and donor specificities, respectively. The donor substrate binds in a deep inter-domain pocket and a hydrophobic crevice on the surface of the N-terminal domain, which is proposed to be the binding site of the aglycone substrate
additional information
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a long hydrophobic cavity, 9.2 A in width and 17.6 A in length located at the N-terminal domain of UGT51, is suitable for the accommodation of sterol acceptor substrates. A short, conserved sequence of S847-M851 is identified at the bottom of the hydrophobic cavity, which might be the steroid binding site and play an important role for the UGT51 catalytic specificity towards sterols. Molecular docking simulations revealing the sugar acceptor specificity, overview. The N- and C-terminal domains predominantly dictate acceptor and donor specificities, respectively. The donor substrate binds in a deep inter-domain pocket and a hydrophobic crevice on the surface of the N-terminal domain, which is proposed to be the binding site of the aglycone substrate
additional information
sterol glucosides patterns of wild-type and mutant roots, overview. The ugt80B1 mutant shows a significant reduction in stigmasteryl glucosides only
additional information
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sterol glucosides patterns of wild-type and mutant roots, overview. The ugt80B1 mutant shows a significant reduction in stigmasteryl glucosides only
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additional information
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a long hydrophobic cavity, 9.2 A in width and 17.6 A in length located at the N-terminal domain of UGT51, is suitable for the accommodation of sterol acceptor substrates. A short, conserved sequence of S847-M851 is identified at the bottom of the hydrophobic cavity, which might be the steroid binding site and play an important role for the UGT51 catalytic specificity towards sterols. Molecular docking simulations revealing the sugar acceptor specificity, overview. The N- and C-terminal domains predominantly dictate acceptor and donor specificities, respectively. The donor substrate binds in a deep inter-domain pocket and a hydrophobic crevice on the surface of the N-terminal domain, which is proposed to be the binding site of the aglycone substrate
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