EC Number   |
General Information |
Reference |
|---|
   2.4.1.224 | malfunction |
a reduction in either Ext1 or Ext2 can cause a reduction in heparan sulfate biosynthesis, overview. Suppression of Ext1 by siRNA in FBJ-S1 cells results in the decreased expression of heparan sulfate and enhanced motility |
-, 723170 |
| 2.4.1.224 | malfunction |
conditional Ext1 mutant mice display severe limb skeletal defects, including shortened and malformed limb bones, oligodactyly, and fusion of joints. the segregation of the pSmad1/5/8-expressing chondrocytes and fibronectin-expressing perichondrium-like cells surrounding chondrocyte nodules is disrupted in mutant micromass cultures, Ext2-mutant phenotypes, detailed overview |
-, 722677 |
| 2.4.1.224 | malfunction |
deletion of Ext1 in the mesoderm induces a cardiac phenotype similar to that of a mutant with conditional deletion of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, a key enzyme responsible for synthesis of all glycosaminoglycans. The outflow tract defect in conditional Ext1 knockout (Ext1f/f:Mesp1Cre) mice is attributable to the reduced contribution of second heart field and neural crest cells. Ext1 deletion leads to downregulation of FGF signaling in the pharyngeal mesoderm. Exogenous FGF8 ameliorates the defects in the outflow tract and pharyngeal explants. Phenotype, detailed overview |
737087 |
| 2.4.1.224 | malfunction |
ectopic cartilage forms in Ext1-deficient mouse embryo long bones, phenotype overview. perichondrium phenotype and border function regulation is deregulated in hereditary multiple exostoses. Ext1 deficiency stimulates cartilage formation |
735997 |
| 2.4.1.224 | malfunction |
effect of heterozygous mutations in heparan sulfate elongation genes EXT1 and EXT2 on endothelial function in vitro as well as in vivo, phenotype, overview |
736318 |
| 2.4.1.224 | malfunction |
effect of heterozygous mutations in heparan sulfate elongation genes EXT1 and EXT2 on endothelial function in vitro as well as in vivo. Silencing of microvascular endothelial cell EXT1 and EXT2 under flow led to significant upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthesis and phospho-endothelial nitric oxide synthesis protein expression. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation is significantly increased in hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) patients. In humans, heterozygous loss of function mutation in EXT1 and EXT2 are known to be involved in the development of HME syndrome, a disorder associated with bony tumor formation. In these humans, the loss-of-function mutations lead to alterations in the structure of tissue and plasma heparan sulfate composition, phenotype, overview |
736318 |
| 2.4.1.224 | malfunction |
EXT1 influences fibroblast matrix interactions. Essential role of EXT1 in providing specific binding sites for growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in response to FGF2 stimulation is markedly decreased in the Ext1 mutant fibroblasts, whereas neither PDGF-BB nor FGF10 signaling is significantly affected. Ext1 mutants display reduced ability to attach to collagen I and to contract collagen lattices. Reintroduction of Ext1 in Ext1 mutant fibroblasts rescues heparan sulfate chain length, FGF2 signaling, and the ability of the fibroblasts to contract collagen |
704597 |
| 2.4.1.224 | malfunction |
Ext1 knock-down reduces heparan sulfate, and increases chondrogenic markers and proteoglycan accumulation. Ext1 knock-down reduces active Wnt/beta-catenin signaling |
759897 |
| 2.4.1.224 | malfunction |
Fgf targeted gene expression is reduced in ext2 mutants and the remaining expression is readily inhibited by SU5402, an FGF receptor inhibitor. In the ext2 mutants, Fgf signaling is affected during nervous system development, mechanism, overview, and reduction of Fgf ligands in the mutants affects tail development. Wnt signaling is also affected in the ext2 mutants, while Hh dependent signaling is apparently unaffected in the ext2 mutants, Hh targeted gene expression is not reduced, the Hh inhibitor cyclopamine is not more affective in the mutants and Hh-dependent cell differentiation in the retina and in the myotome are normal in ext2 mutants, ext2 mutant phenotypes, overview |
721937 |
| 2.4.1.224 | malfunction |
mutations in the tumor suppressor genes EXT1 and EXT2 disturb heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis and cause multiple osteochondroma. A reduction in Rti shifts the steady-state distribution of EXTs to the trans-Golgi. These accumulated EXTs tend to be degraded and their re-entrance towards the route for polymerizing GAG chains is disengaged. Conversely, EXTs are mislocalized towards the transitional endoplasmic reticulum/cis-Golgi when Rti is overexpressed. Both loss of function and overexpression of rti result in incomplete heparan sulfate proteoglycans and perturb Hedgehog signaling |
736001 |
