EC Number   |
General Information |
Reference |
|---|
   3.4.17.23 | evolution |
ACE2 is widely expressed in the animal kingdom from fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, to mammals. Remarkably, its structure is highly conserved. Comparison of human ACE2 with that of a civet (Paguma larvata), a bat (Rhinolophus sinicus), a bird (Nipponia nippon), a snake (Protobothrops mucrosquamatus), a frog (Xenopus laevis), and a fish (Callorhinchus milii) reveal amino acid sequence identity of 83%, 81%, 83%, 61%, 60%, and 59%, respectively |
752692 |
| 3.4.17.23 | evolution |
Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 exhibits the highest binding to human (h)ACE2 of all the species tested, forming the highest number of hydrogen bonds with hACE2. Pangolin (Manis javanica) ACE2 shows the next highest binding affinity despite having a relatively low sequence homology, whereas the affinity of monkey ACE2 is much lower despite its high sequence similarity to hACE2. ACE2 species in the upper half of the predicted affinity range (Macaca fascicularis, Mesocricetus auratus, Canis luparis, Mustela putorius furot, Felis catus) are permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection, supporting a correlation between binding affinity and infection susceptibility |
763702 |
| 3.4.17.23 | evolution |
the binding surface of ACE2 from several important animal species is analyzed to understand the parameters for the ACE2 recognition by the SARSCoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD). Recombinant ACE2 from human, hamster, horseshoe bat, cat, ferret, and cow are evaluated for RBD binding. A gradient of binding affinities are seen where human and hamster ACE2 are similarly in the low nanomolar range, followed by cat and cow. Horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus sinicus) and ferret (Mustela putorius) ACE2s have poor binding activity compared with the ACE2s from other species. The residue differences and binding properties between the species' variants provide a framework for understanding ACE2-RBD binding and virus tropism |
762712 |
| 3.4.17.23 | malfunction |
ACE2 activity shows a tendency to decrease in the serum of Alzheimer disease patients compared with normal controls |
732366 |
| 3.4.17.23 | malfunction |
ACE2 deficiency increases the severity of H7N9-induced lung injury in a mouse model |
732911 |
| 3.4.17.23 | malfunction |
ACE2 knockout mice are more susceptible than the wild-type mice to high-fat diet-induced beta cell dysfunction. The TUNEL-positive area of the pancreatic islets and the expression levels of IL-1beta and iNOS are markedly increased in the ACE2 knockout mice compared with their wild-type littermates. The Mas-silenced MS-1 cells are more sensitive to palmitate-induced dysfunction and apoptosis in vitro |
731950 |
| 3.4.17.23 | malfunction |
ACE2 over-expression in the brain decreases Ang-II mediated cardiac hypertrophy and collagen deposition, reduces urinary norepinephrine levels and partially protectes syn-hACE2 transgenic (SA) mice, in which the human ACE2 transgene is selectively targeted to neurons, from sympathetic-mediated cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis |
732707 |
| 3.4.17.23 | malfunction |
angiotensin II type 1 receptor-mediated reduction of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity in the brain impairs baroreflex function in hypertensive mice |
708683 |
| 3.4.17.23 | malfunction |
genetic inactivation of ACE2 causes severe lung injury in H5N1-challenged mice. Administration of recombinant ACE2 ameliorates avian influenza H5N1 virus-induced lung injury in mice |
732569 |
| 3.4.17.23 | malfunction |
inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 exacerbates cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in Ren-2 hypertensive rats |
707036 |
