6.2.1.2 ATP + 1-anthracenecarboxylic acid + CoA 2% of the activity with hexanoic acid Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + anthracene-1-carboxyl-CoA - ? 368980 6.2.1.2 ATP + 1-naphthoic acid + CoA - Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + 1-naphthoyl-CoA - ? 368979 6.2.1.2 ATP + 1-naphthoic acid + CoA - Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + 1-naphthoyl-CoA - ? 368979 6.2.1.2 ATP + 1-naphthoic acid + CoA 3% of the activity with hexanoic acid Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + 1-naphthoyl-CoA - ? 368979 6.2.1.2 ATP + 1-naphthoic acid + CoA less than 10% of the activity with hexanoic acid Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + 1-naphthoyl-CoA - ? 368979 6.2.1.2 ATP + 1-naphthylacetic acid + CoA 18% of the activity with hexanoic acid Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + 1-naphthyl-acetyl-CoA - ? 368982 6.2.1.2 ATP + 1-naphthylacetic acid + CoA about 25% of the activity with hexanoic acid Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + 1-naphthyl-acetyl-CoA - ? 368982 6.2.1.2 ATP + 1-naphthylacetic acid + CoA - Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + 1-naphthylacetoyl-CoA - ? 387902 6.2.1.2 ATP + 1-naphthylacetic acid + CoA - Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + 1-naphthylacetoyl-CoA - ? 387902 6.2.1.2 ATP + 2-aminobenzoate + CoA 1.4% of the activity with dodecanoate Mycobacterium avium AMP + diphosphate + 2-aminobenzoyl-CoA - ? 253 6.2.1.2 ATP + 2-anthracenecarboxylic acid + CoA 16% of the activity with hexanoic acid Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + anthracene-2-carboxyl-CoA - ? 368981 6.2.1.2 ATP + 2-methylbutyrate + CoA when propionate or other less favorable acyl substrates, such as butyrate, 2-methylpropionate, or 2-methylvalerate, are utilized, the acyl-CoA is not produced or is produced at reduced levels. Instead, acyl-AMP and diphosphate are released in the absence of CoA, whereas in the presence of CoA, the intermediate is broken down into AMP and the acyl substrate, which are released along with diphosphate. These results suggest that although acyl-CoA synthetases may have the ability to utilize a broad range of substrates for the acyl-adenylate-forming first step of the reaction, the intermediate may not be suitable for the thioester-forming second step Methanosarcina acetivorans AMP + diphosphate + 2-methylbutyryl-CoA - ? 428212 6.2.1.2 ATP + 2-methylbutyrate + CoA when propionate or other less favorable acyl substrates, such as butyrate, 2-methylpropionate, or 2-methylvalerate, are utilized, the acyl-CoA is not produced or is produced at reduced levels. Instead, acyl-AMP and diphosphate are released in the absence of CoA, whereas in the presence of CoA, the intermediate is broken down into AMP and the acyl substrate, which are released along with diphosphate. These results suggest that although acyl-CoA synthetases may have the ability to utilize a broad range of substrates for the acyl-adenylate-forming first step of the reaction, the intermediate may not be suitable for the thioester-forming second step Methanosarcina acetivorans DSM 2834 AMP + diphosphate + 2-methylbutyryl-CoA - ? 428212 6.2.1.2 ATP + 2-naphthylacetic acid + CoA 21% of the activity with hexanoic acid Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + 2-naphthyl-acetyl-CoA - ? 368983 6.2.1.2 ATP + 2-naphthylacetic acid + CoA about 35% of the activity with hexanoic acid Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + 2-naphthyl-acetyl-CoA - ? 368983 6.2.1.2 ATP + 3,4-methylenedioxycinnamic acid + CoA high activity Penicillium chrysogenum AMP + diphosphate + 3,4-methylenedioxy-cinnamoyl-CoA - ? 400036 6.2.1.2 ATP + 3-aminobenzoate + CoA 29% of the activity with benzoate Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + 3-aminobenzoyl-CoA - ? 368975 6.2.1.2 ATP + 3-aminobenzoate + CoA 5% of the activity with hexanoic acid Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + 3-aminobenzoyl-CoA - ? 368975 6.2.1.2 ATP + 3-chlorobenzoate + CoA 12% of the activity with hexanoic acid Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + 3-chlorobenzoyl-CoA - ? 368976 6.2.1.2 ATP + 3-chlorobenzoate + CoA 126% of the activity with benzoate Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + 3-chlorobenzoyl-CoA - ? 368976 6.2.1.2 ATP + 3-ethoxycinnamic acid + CoA high activity Penicillium chrysogenum AMP + diphosphate + 3-ethoxy-cinnamoyl-CoA - ? 400032 6.2.1.2 ATP + 3-methoxybenzoate + CoA 48% of the activity with hexanoic acid Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + 3-methoxybenzoyl-CoA - ? 368977 6.2.1.2 ATP + 3-methoxybenzoate + CoA 54% of the activity with benzoate Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + 3-methoxybenzoyl-CoA - ? 368977 6.2.1.2 ATP + 3-methoxycinnamic acid + CoA high activity Penicillium chrysogenum AMP + diphosphate + 3-methoxy-cinnamoyl-CoA - ? 400033 6.2.1.2 ATP + 3-methylbenzoate + CoA - Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + 3-methylbenzoyl-CoA - ? 368978 6.2.1.2 ATP + 3-methylbenzoate + CoA - Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + 3-methylbenzoyl-CoA - ? 368978 6.2.1.2 ATP + 3-methylbenzoate + CoA 138% of the activity with benzoate Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + 3-methylbenzoyl-CoA - ? 368978 6.2.1.2 ATP + 3-methylbenzoate + CoA 23% of the activity with hexanoic acid Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + 3-methylbenzoyl-CoA - ? 368978 6.2.1.2 ATP + 3-nitrobenzoate + CoA 28% of the activity with benzoate Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + 3-nitrobenzoyl-CoA - ? 368986 6.2.1.2 ATP + 4-aminobenzoate + CoA 19% of the activity with benzoate Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + 4-aminobenzoyl-CoA - ? 368970 6.2.1.2 ATP + 4-aminobenzoate + CoA 3% of the activity with hexanoic acid Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + 4-aminobenzoyl-CoA - ? 368970 6.2.1.2 ATP + 4-chlorobenzoate + CoA 17% of the activity with hexanoic acid Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA - ? 368971 6.2.1.2 ATP + 4-chlorobenzoate + CoA 96% of the activity with benzoate Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA - ? 368971 6.2.1.2 ATP + 4-heptylbenzoate + CoA 66% of the activity with hexanoic acid Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + 4-heptylbenzoyl-CoA - ? 368974 6.2.1.2 ATP + 4-methoxybenzoate + CoA 43% of the activity with benzoate Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + 4-methoxybenzoyl-CoA - ? 368972 6.2.1.2 ATP + 4-methoxybenzoate + CoA 47% of the activity with hexanoic acid Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + 4-methoxybenzoyl-CoA - ? 368972 6.2.1.2 ATP + 4-methylbenzoate + CoA - Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + 4-methylbenzoyl-CoA - ? 368973 6.2.1.2 ATP + 4-methylbenzoate + CoA - Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + 4-methylbenzoyl-CoA - ? 368973 6.2.1.2 ATP + 4-methylbenzoate + CoA 114% of the activity with benzoate Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + 4-methylbenzoyl-CoA - ? 368973 6.2.1.2 ATP + 4-methylbenzoate + CoA 59% of the activity with hexanoic acid Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + 4-methylbenzoyl-CoA - ? 368973 6.2.1.2 ATP + 4-nitrobenzoate + CoA 29% of the activity with benzoate Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + 4-nitrobenzoyl-CoA - ? 368985 6.2.1.2 ATP + a medium chain fatty acid or an aromatic acid or an arylacetic acid + CoA the enzyme catalyzes the first reaction of glycine conjugation, which is an important route of detoxification of many xenobiotic and endogenous carboxylic acids Bos taurus ? - ? 369324 6.2.1.2 ATP + arachidonic acid + CoA 5.2% of the activity with dodecanoate Mycobacterium avium AMP + diphosphate + arachidonoyl-CoA - ? 368996 6.2.1.2 ATP + benzoate + CoA - Homo sapiens AMP + diphosphate + benzoyl-CoA - ? 249 6.2.1.2 ATP + benzoate + CoA 0.3% of the activity with octanoate Sus scrofa AMP + diphosphate + benzoyl-CoA - ? 249 6.2.1.2 ATP + benzoate + CoA 19% of the activity with hexanoic acid Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + benzoyl-CoA - ? 249 6.2.1.2 ATP + benzoate + CoA 2.3% of the activity with dodecanoate Mycobacterium avium AMP + diphosphate + benzoyl-CoA - ? 249 6.2.1.2 ATP + benzoate + CoA about 30% of the activity with hexanoic acid Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + benzoyl-CoA - ? 249 6.2.1.2 ATP + benzoate + CoA bi uni uni bi ping pong mechanism with ATP binding first, followed in order by benzoate binding, diphosphate release, CoA binding, benzoyl-CoA release and AMP release Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + benzoyl-CoA - ? 249 6.2.1.2 ATP + benzoate + CoA high activities are obtained with benzoate having methyl, pentyl, and methoxy groups in the para- or meta-positions of the benzene ring Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + benzoyl-CoA - ? 249 6.2.1.2 ATP + benzoate + CoA high activities are obtained with benzoate having methyl, pentyl, and methoxy groups in the para- or meta-positions of the benzene ring Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + benzoyl-CoA - ? 249 6.2.1.2 ATP + benzoic acid + CoA also active with several benzoic acids substituted at position 2, 3 or 4 Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + benzoyl-CoA - ? 206 6.2.1.2 ATP + butyrate + CoA - Cavia porcellus AMP + diphosphate + butyryl-CoA - ? 143 6.2.1.2 ATP + butyrate + CoA - Rattus norvegicus AMP + diphosphate + butyryl-CoA - ? 143 6.2.1.2 ATP + butyrate + CoA - Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + butyryl-CoA - ? 143 6.2.1.2 ATP + butyrate + CoA - Ovis aries AMP + diphosphate + butyryl-CoA - ? 143 6.2.1.2 ATP + butyrate + CoA - Paecilomyces variotii AMP + diphosphate + butyryl-CoA - ? 143 6.2.1.2 ATP + butyrate + CoA - Pseudomonas aeruginosa AMP + diphosphate + butyryl-CoA - ? 143 6.2.1.2 ATP + butyrate + CoA no activity with GTP Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + butyryl-CoA - ? 143 6.2.1.2 ATP + butyrate + CoA 46% of the activity with octanoate Sus scrofa AMP + diphosphate + butyryl-CoA - ? 143 6.2.1.2 ATP + butyrate + CoA - Paecilomyces variotii AHU 9417 AMP + diphosphate + butyryl-CoA - ? 143 6.2.1.2 ATP + caproic acid + CoA - Penicillium chrysogenum AMP + diphosphate + caproyl-CoA - ? 400100 6.2.1.2 ATP + crotonate + CoA i.e. E-2-butenoate, 20% of the activity relative to butyrate Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + crotonyl-CoA - ? 188 6.2.1.2 ATP + cyclohexanoic acid + CoA 41% of the activity with hexanoic acid Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + cyclohexanoyl-CoA - ? 368968 6.2.1.2 ATP + decanoate + CoA - Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + decanoyl-CoA - ? 281 6.2.1.2 ATP + decanoate + CoA - Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + decanoyl-CoA - ? 281 6.2.1.2 ATP + decanoate + CoA 48% of the activity with octanoate Sus scrofa AMP + diphosphate + decanoyl-CoA - ? 281 6.2.1.2 ATP + decanoate + CoA substrate with the highest activity Mycobacterium avium AMP + diphosphate + decanoyl-CoA - ? 281 6.2.1.2 ATP + dodecanoate + CoA - Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + dodecanoyl-CoA - ? 205 6.2.1.2 ATP + dodecanoate + CoA 31% of the activity with dodecanoate Mycobacterium avium AMP + diphosphate + dodecanoyl-CoA - ? 205 6.2.1.2 ATP + dodecanoate + CoA 39% of the activity with hexanoic acid Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + dodecanoyl-CoA - ? 205 6.2.1.2 ATP + heptanoate + CoA - Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + heptanoyl-CoA - ? 203 6.2.1.2 ATP + heptanoate + CoA 34% of the activity with dodecanoate Mycobacterium avium AMP + diphosphate + heptanoyl-CoA - ? 203 6.2.1.2 ATP + hexanoate + CoA - Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + hexanoyl-CoA - ? 202 6.2.1.2 ATP + hexanoate + CoA - Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + hexanoyl-CoA - ? 202 6.2.1.2 ATP + hexanoate + CoA highest activity Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + hexanoyl-CoA - ? 202 6.2.1.2 ATP + hexanoate + CoA 15% of the activity with octanoate Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + hexanoyl-CoA - ? 202 6.2.1.2 ATP + hexanoate + CoA 15% of the activity with octanoate Sus scrofa AMP + diphosphate + hexanoyl-CoA - ? 202 6.2.1.2 ATP + hexanoate + CoA 35% of the activity with dodecanoate Mycobacterium avium AMP + diphosphate + hexanoyl-CoA - ? 202 6.2.1.2 ATP + hexanoate + CoA maximal activity on hexanoate Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + hexanoyl-CoA - ? 202 6.2.1.2 ATP + hexanoate + CoA maximal activity on hexanoate Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + hexanoyl-CoA - ? 202 6.2.1.2 ATP + indomethacin + CoA 6% of the activity with hexanoic acid Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + ? - ? 368984 6.2.1.2 ATP + indomethacin + CoA less than 5% of the activity with hexanoic acid Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + ? - ? 368984 6.2.1.2 ATP + isobutyrate + CoA - Paecilomyces variotii AMP + diphosphate + isobutyryl-CoA - ? 195 6.2.1.2 ATP + isobutyrate + CoA 20% of the activity relative to butyrate Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + isobutyryl-CoA - ? 195 6.2.1.2 ATP + isopentanoate - Paecilomyces variotii AMP + diphosphate + isopentanoyl-CoA - ? 197 6.2.1.2 ATP + ketoprofen + CoA less active on ketoprofen Mus musculus ADP + diphosphate + ? - ? 388069 6.2.1.2 ATP + ketoprofen + CoA less active on ketoprofen Bos taurus ADP + diphosphate + ? - ? 388069 6.2.1.2 ATP + L-(+)-3-hydroxybutyrate + CoA - Rattus norvegicus AMP + diphosphate + L-(+)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA - ? 198 6.2.1.2 ATP + L-(+)-3-hydroxybutyrate + CoA enzyme reesterifies CoA and L-(+)-3-hydroxybutyrate. It is required for the production of L-(+)-3-hydroxybutyrate in rat liver Rattus norvegicus ? - ? 369323 6.2.1.2 ATP + laurate + CoA 12.6% of the activity with octanoate Sus scrofa AMP + diphosphate + lauroyl-CoA - ? 282 6.2.1.2 ATP + linolenic acid + CoA 8.3% of the activity with dodecanoate Mycobacterium avium AMP + diphosphate + linolenoyl-CoA - ? 368997 6.2.1.2 ATP + m-hydroxybenzoate + CoA 0.8% of the activity with dodecanoate Mycobacterium avium AMP + diphosphate + m-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA - ? 368998 6.2.1.2 ATP + m-methoxybenzoate + CoA - Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + m-methoxybenzoyl-CoA - ? 388092 6.2.1.2 ATP + m-methoxybenzoate + CoA - Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + m-methoxybenzoyl-CoA - ? 388092 6.2.1.2 ATP + m-pentylbenzoate + CoA - Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + m-pentylbenzoyl-CoA - ? 388093 6.2.1.2 ATP + m-pentylbenzoate + CoA - Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + m-pentylbenzoyl-CoA - ? 388093 6.2.1.2 ATP + myristic acid + CoA - Penicillium chrysogenum AMP + diphosphate + myristoyl-CoA - ? 400244 6.2.1.2 ATP + octanoate + CoA - Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + octanoyl-CoA - ? 204 6.2.1.2 ATP + octanoate + CoA - Sus scrofa AMP + diphosphate + octanoyl-CoA - ? 204 6.2.1.2 ATP + octanoate + CoA - Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + octanoyl-CoA - ? 204 6.2.1.2 ATP + octanoate + CoA 31% of the activity with dodecanoate Mycobacterium avium AMP + diphosphate + octanoyl-CoA - ? 204 6.2.1.2 ATP + octanoate + CoA about 50% of the activity with hexanoic acid Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + octanoyl-CoA - ? 204 6.2.1.2 ATP + p-methoxybenzoate + CoA - Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + p-methoxybenzoyl-CoA - ? 388119 6.2.1.2 ATP + p-methoxybenzoate + CoA - Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + p-methoxybenzoyl-CoA - ? 388119 6.2.1.2 ATP + p-pentylbenzoate + CoA - Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + p-pentylbenzoyl-CoA - ? 388120 6.2.1.2 ATP + p-pentylbenzoate + CoA - Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + p-pentylbenzoyl-CoA - ? 388120 6.2.1.2 ATP + pentanoate + CoA - Paecilomyces variotii AMP + diphosphate + pentanoyl-CoA - ? 144 6.2.1.2 ATP + pentanoate + CoA 1.6% of the activity with dodecanoate Mycobacterium avium AMP + diphosphate + pentanoyl-CoA - ? 144 6.2.1.2 ATP + pentanoate + CoA - Paecilomyces variotii AHU 9417 AMP + diphosphate + pentanoyl-CoA - ? 144 6.2.1.2 ATP + phenoxyacetate + CoA i.e. POA, low activity Penicillium chrysogenum AMP + diphosphate + phenoxyacetyl-CoA - ? 400272 6.2.1.2 ATP + phenylacetate + CoA - Homo sapiens AMP + diphosphate + phenylacetyl-CoA - ? 363621 6.2.1.2 ATP + phenylacetate + CoA enzymatic activation of phenylacetic acid to phenylacetyl-CoA is an important step in the biosynthesis of the beta-lactam antibiotic penicillin G by the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum, CoA esters of PAA and phenoxyacetic acid act as acyl donor in the exchange of the aminoadipyl side chain of isopenicillin N to produce penicillin G or penicillin V Penicillium chrysogenum AMP + diphosphate + phenylacetyl-CoA - ? 363621 6.2.1.2 ATP + phenylacetate + CoA i.e. PAA Penicillium chrysogenum AMP + diphosphate + phenylacetyl-CoA - ? 363621 6.2.1.2 ATP + propionate + CoA - Paecilomyces variotii AMP + diphosphate + propionyl-CoA - ? 142 6.2.1.2 ATP + propionate + CoA 2% of the activity with octanoate Sus scrofa AMP + diphosphate + propionyl-CoA - ? 142 6.2.1.2 ATP + propionate + CoA - Paecilomyces variotii AHU 9417 AMP + diphosphate + propionyl-CoA - ? 142 6.2.1.2 ATP + propionic acid + CoA low activity Penicillium chrysogenum AMP + diphosphate + propionyl-CoA - ? 400282 6.2.1.2 ATP + tetradecanoate + CoA 3.9% of the activity with dodecanoate Mycobacterium avium AMP + diphosphate + tetradecanoyl-CoA - ? 368995 6.2.1.2 ATP + tranexamic acid + CoA 7% of the activity with hexanoic acid Bos taurus AMP + diphosphate + tranexoyl-CoA - ? 368969 6.2.1.2 ATP + tranexamic acid + CoA less than 10% of the activity with hexanoic acid Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + tranexoyl-CoA - ? 368969 6.2.1.2 ATP + trans-4-coumaric acid + CoA - Penicillium chrysogenum AMP + diphosphate + trans-4-coumaroyl-CoA - ? 400328 6.2.1.2 ATP + trans-cinnamic acid + CoA 1000fold higher activity compared to PAA Penicillium chrysogenum AMP + diphosphate + trans-cinnamoyl-CoA - ? 400329 6.2.1.2 ATP + tridecanoate + CoA 15% of the activity with dodecanoate Mycobacterium avium AMP + diphosphate + tridecanoyl-CoA - ? 293 6.2.1.2 ATP + valerate + CoA 9.9% of the activity with octanoate Sus scrofa AMP + diphosphate + valeryl-CoA - ? 368966 6.2.1.2 ATP + valproate + CoA less active on valproate Mus musculus ADP + diphosphate + valproyl-CoA - ? 388165 6.2.1.2 ATP + valproate + CoA less active on valproate Bos taurus ADP + diphosphate + valproyl-CoA - ? 388165 6.2.1.2 ATP + valproic acid + CoA i.e. 2-n-propylpentanoic acid Rattus norvegicus AMP + diphosphate + valproyl-CoA - ? 207 6.2.1.2 ATP + valproic acid + CoA less than 10% of the activity with hexanoic acid Mus musculus AMP + diphosphate + valproyl-CoA - ? 207 6.2.1.2 CTP + butyrate + CoA slight activity Bos taurus CMP + diphosphate + butyryl-CoA - ? 201 6.2.1.2 ITP + butyrate + CoA slight activity Bos taurus IMP + diphosphate + butyryl-CoA - ? 200 6.2.1.2 additional information no activity with hexanoate Paecilomyces variotii ? - ? 89 6.2.1.2 additional information no activity with formate and heptanoate Bos taurus ? - ? 89 6.2.1.2 additional information straight chain acids having 3, 5 or 6 carbons are less active as substrates than butyrate Bos taurus ? - ? 89 6.2.1.2 additional information no activity with acetate and octanoate Bos taurus ? - ? 89 6.2.1.2 additional information no activity with acetate and octanoate Paecilomyces variotii ? - ? 89 6.2.1.2 additional information major enzyme for glycine conjugation of benzoic acids with electron-donating groups in bovine liver mitochondria Bos taurus ? - ? 89 6.2.1.2 additional information the enzyme catalyzes the first reaction of glycine conjugation Mus musculus ? - ? 89 6.2.1.2 additional information the enzyme is involved in the metabolism of fatty acid during mycobacterial survival in macrophages Mycobacterium avium ? - ? 89 6.2.1.2 additional information the enzyme is responsible for glycine conjugation Mus musculus ? - ? 89 6.2.1.2 additional information the enzyme also belongs to EC 6.2.1.30, substrate specificity, the more substituted compounds ferulic acid, caffeic acid and sinapic acid, which are substrates for most 4-coumarate CoA ligases, are very poor substrates for the enzyme. With the exception of acetic acid, all short and medium chain fatty acids tested are converted by the enzyme, the enzyme is able to activate all the side chains of these naturally occurring lactam side products, overview. Residues H265, I266, Y267, V270, F307, F335, G337, A338, G361, T369, V370, and K557 are involved in substrate binding Penicillium chrysogenum ? - ? 89 6.2.1.2 additional information no activity with hexanoate Paecilomyces variotii AHU 9417 ? - ? 89 6.2.1.2 additional information no activity with acetate and octanoate Paecilomyces variotii AHU 9417 ? - ? 89