3.5.4.B9	2'-deoxycytidine + H2O	in ssDNA	Homo sapiens	2'-deoxyuridine + NH3	-	?	141064	
3.5.4.B9	5'-AAAGAGAAAGAGAAACCCAAAGAGGAAAGGTGAGGAGAA-3' + H2O	the enzyme targets 5'-CCCA-3' sequences with 5'-AAACCCAAA-3' recognized most efficiently	Homo sapiens	5'-AAAGAGAAAGAGAAACCUAAAGAGGAAAGGTGAGGAGAA-3' + NH3	-	?	422646	
3.5.4.B9	5'-ATTCCCAATT-3' + H2O	-	Homo sapiens	5'-ATTCCUAATT-3'	-	?	449357	
3.5.4.B9	5-methylcytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O	the enzyme exhibits low activity toward 5-methylcytosine n single-stranded DNA	Homo sapiens	?	-	?	455111	
3.5.4.B9	cytidine in HIV-1 virus ssDNA + H2O	-	Homo sapiens	uridine in HIV-1 virus ssDNA + NH3	-	?	449806	
3.5.4.B9	cytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O	-	Homo sapiens	uracil in single-stranded DNA + NH3	-	?	419398	
3.5.4.B9	cytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O	the APOBEC3 enzymes are a double-edged sword that can catalyze deamination of cytosine in genomic DNA, which results in potential genomic instability due to the many mutagenic fates of uracil. The enzymes must be able to efficiently deaminate transiently available single-stranded DNA during reverse transcription, replication, or transcription. Specific biochemical characteristics promote deamination in each situation to increase enzyme efficiency through processivity, rapid enzyme cycling between substrates, or oligomerization state	Homo sapiens	uracil in single-stranded DNA + NH3	-	?	419398	
3.5.4.B9	cytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O	the enzyme restricts the infectivity of viruses, such as HIV-1, by targeting CCC hotspots scattered through minus DNA strands, reverse-transcribed from genomic RNA	Homo sapiens	uracil in single-stranded DNA + NH3	-	?	419398	
3.5.4.B9	cytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O	relatively low deaminase activity and selectivity for methylated cytosine	Homo sapiens	uracil in single-stranded DNA + NH3	-	?	419398	
3.5.4.B9	cytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O	the enzyme preferentially converts cytidine to uridine at the third position of triplet cytosine (CCC) hotspots. The phosphate backbone is required for C-terminal domain of the enzyme to slide along the DNA strand and to exert the 3'->5' polarity. The higher the salt cncentration, the less prominent is the 3'->5' polarity	Homo sapiens	uracil in single-stranded DNA + NH3	-	?	419398	
3.5.4.B9	cytosine in single-stranded viral DNA + H2O	-	Homo sapiens	uracil in single-stranded viral DNA + NH3	-	?	421937	
3.5.4.B9	cytosine in single-stranded viral DNA + H2O	cytosine deamination occurs preferentially in CpC (5'GpG/CpC5')	Homo sapiens	uracil in single-stranded viral DNA + NH3	-	?	421937	
3.5.4.B9	cytosine in single-stranded viral DNA + H2O	in vitro, the enzyme has a preferred sequence motif of T/CCC and shows a 3'->5' like processivity	Homo sapiens	uracil in single-stranded viral DNA + NH3	-	?	421937	
3.5.4.B9	cytosine in single-stranded viral DNA + H2O	native enzyme demonstrates a preference for deamination of the C residue proximal to the 5'-ssDNA end in the 5'CCC motif and deaminates the two C residues processively	Homo sapiens	uracil in single-stranded viral DNA + NH3	-	?	421937	
3.5.4.B9	cytosine in single-stranded viral DNA + H2O	phage M13mp2 circular DNA containing a series of in-frame 5'-AAACCCAAA hot motifs embedded in lacZalpha reporter sequence located within a single-stranded gapped region of M13 double-stranded DNA. The third C in the 5'-AAACCCAAA motif is deaminated predominantly	Homo sapiens	uracil in single-stranded viral DNA + NH3	-	?	421937	
3.5.4.B9	cytosine in single-stranded viral DNA + H2O	the enzyme carries out processive cytosine deamination by randomly binding, sliding and jumping bidirectionally on single-stranded DNA. The deamination by the enzyme proceeds predominantly 3'->5', resulting in preferential deamination at the target located closer to the 5' end of substrate. The enzyme favors deamination at the 5'C residue in the hot-spot motif CCC	Homo sapiens	uracil in single-stranded viral DNA + NH3	-	?	421937	
3.5.4.B9	cytosine in single-stranded viral DNA + H2O	the enzyme strongly prefers cytosines in a run of C's usually targeting the last base in the run. The enzyme readily converts the third cytosine in CCC to uracil but does not convert the first or the second cytosine in the sequence at detectable levels	Homo sapiens	uracil in single-stranded viral DNA + NH3	-	?	421937	
3.5.4.B9	cytosine in single-stranded viral DNA + H2O	the enzyme targets 5'-CCCA-3' sequences with 5'-AAACCCAAA-3' recognized most efficiently	Homo sapiens	uracil in single-stranded viral DNA + NH3	-	?	421937	
3.5.4.B9	cytosine in single-stranded viral DNA + H2O	the full-length enzyme processively deaminates cytidine in two 5'-CCC-3' motifs located on a single-stranded DNA substrate, during one binding event. The full-length enzyme also exerts a 3' to 5' deamination bias by preferentially deaminating the cytidine in the CCC motif near the 5'end of the single-stranded DNA substrate	Homo sapiens	uracil in single-stranded viral DNA + NH3	-	?	421937	
3.5.4.B9	cytosine in single-stranded viral DNA + H2O	minus strand deamination occurs preferentially at a CCCA sequence. The third cytidine of the d(CCCA) segment is deaminated at an early stage and that then the second one is deaminated at a late stage, so the deamination is carried out in a strict 3'-5' order	Homo sapiens	uracil in single-stranded viral DNA + NH3	-	?	421937	
3.5.4.B9	cytosine in single-stranded viral DNA + H2O	the APOBEC3 enzymes are a double-edged sword that can catalyze deamination of cytosine in genomic DNA, which results in potential genomic instability due to the many mutagenic fates of uracil. The enzymes must be able to efficiently deaminate transiently available single-stranded DNA during reverse transcription, replication, or transcription. Specific biochemical characteristics promote deamination in each situation to increase enzyme efficiency through processivity, rapid enzyme cycling between substrates, or oligomerization state	Homo sapiens	uracil in single-stranded viral DNA + NH3	-	?	421937	
3.5.4.B9	deoxycytosine in single-stranded viral DNA + H2O	-	Homo sapiens	deoxyuridine in single-stranded viral DNA + NH3	-	?	421948	
3.5.4.B9	additional information	APOBEC3G cytidine deaminase contracts ssDNA in a deamination motif-dependent manner, presence of bidirectional quasi-localized scanning of APOBEC3G cytidine deaminase occurring proximal to a 5' hot motif, a motif-dependent DNA contraction greatest for 5' hot before 3' hot before 5' cold motifs, and diminished mobility at low salt, overview	Homo sapiens	?	-	?	89	
3.5.4.B9	additional information	the preferred sequence context for wild-type hA3G is GG. In the CD2-1 mutant variants, both TGG and GGG are preferred, while the wild-type prefers TGG	Homo sapiens	?	-	?	89	
3.5.4.B9	additional information	the enzyme binds randomly to single-stranded DNA, then jumps and slides processively to deaminate target motifs. Preferential deamination of the third C is observed in the motif 5'-AAACCCAAA-3' while deamination at the first C is not observed. The replacement of AAA with TTT at the 3' side of CCC results in a 20fold inhibition of deamination. The replacement of AGA by TTT at the 5' side of CCC results in about a 5fold reduction in specific activity. Similar binding constants are observed with single-stranded DNA substrates ranging from 10 to 69 nucleotides whereas binding is reduced sharply for a 9-nucleotide substrate. When confronting partially double-stranded DNA, to which the enzyme cannot bind, sliding is lost but jumping is retained. The enzyme shows catalytic orientational specificity such that deamination occurs predominantly 3'-5' without requiring hydrolysis of a nucleotide cofactor	Homo sapiens	?	-	?	89	
3.5.4.B9	additional information	the enzyme binds with similar efficiency to the 5' and 3' single-stranded DNA substrates and binds the single-stranded region of the gap-DNA substrates with the same efficiency as tail-DNA. Enzyme monomers, dimers, and higher-order oligomers can bind single-stranded DNA substrates in a manner independent of strand polarity and availability of free single-stranded DNA ends. The efficiency of complex formation decreases about 3 times for the 18single-stranded-tail-DNA compared to that for the longer 69single-stranded-tail-DNA hybrid substrate	Homo sapiens	?	-	?	89	
3.5.4.B9	additional information	the enzyme deaminates C -> U on single-stranded DNA, but favors 5'CCCC target motifs with a preference for the 3'C, and its specific activity is strongly influenced by nucleotides surrounding the 5'CCC target motif	Homo sapiens	?	-	?	89	
3.5.4.B9	additional information	the enzyme does not effectively bind substrates shorter than 10 nucleotides. Substrates containing 5'-methyldeoxycytidine 2'-deoxy-5-aza-5,6-dihydrocytidine, 2'-deoxy-4-ethylcytidine and 2'-deoxyzebularine at position -1 are deaminated by the enzyme with 62%, 25%, 19%, and 9% efficiency, respectively, Substrates containing N3-methyl cytidine or isocytidine at position -1 are not appreciably deaminated by the enzyme	Homo sapiens	?	-	?	89	
3.5.4.B9	additional information	the enzyme has a catalytically inactive N-terminal CD1 domain that mediates processivity and an active C-terminal CD2 domain that catalyzes deaminations. The enzyme cannot bind well to double-stranded DNA. Native enzyme is still able to processively deaminate two C residues with a double-stranded DNA region in-between, but with a 2fold decrease in the processivity factor	Homo sapiens	?	-	?	89	
3.5.4.B9	additional information	the enzyme alone extensively deaminates cDNA independently of reverse transcriptase. The cDNA has to be free of its RNA template to allow deamination. Deoxycytosine or dCTP are poor substrates	Homo sapiens	?	-	?	89	
3.5.4.B9	additional information	the enzyme cannot readily deaminate a cytosine dinucleotide in single-stranded DNA stem structures or in nucleotide base loops composed of three bases. Single-stranded nucleotide loops up to seven bases in length are poor targets for enzyme activity unless cytosine residues flank the cytosine dinucleotide. The enzyme favors adenines, cytosines and thymines flanking the cytosine dinucleotide target in unstructured regions of single-stranded DNA. Low cytosine deaminase activity is detected when guanines flank the cytosine dinucleotide	Homo sapiens	?	-	?	89	
3.5.4.B9	additional information	intrinsic DNA cytidine deaminase activity of full-length A3G is measured by expressing these proteins in ung-deficient Escherichia coli BW310 and by quantifying the frequency of RifR-conferring rpoB mutations	Homo sapiens	?	-	?	89	
3.5.4.B9	TTTCCCCGC + H2O	sequence with highest deamination rate	Homo sapiens	TTTCCUCGC + NH3	-	?	424136