3.4.17.23 A-549 cell - 710171, 762896, 763707, 764554 3.4.17.23 adipose tissue - 694170 3.4.17.23 adipose tissue epididymal adipose tissue 710532 3.4.17.23 adrenal gland low ACE mRNA expression 668892 3.4.17.23 alveolar cell - 669977 3.4.17.23 alveolar cell expression in type 2 pneumocytes 753315 3.4.17.23 alveolar cell type 2 763160 3.4.17.23 alveolar cell type II 83% of ACE2-expressing cells are alveolar epithelial type II cells 753944 3.4.17.23 alveolar epithelial cell - 762787 3.4.17.23 aorta - 762703 3.4.17.23 aorta thoracica chronic treatment with the AT1R antagonist almesartan induces a fivefold increase in ACE2 mRNA in the aorta which leads to a significant increase in aortic angiotensin(1-7) protein expression 667145 3.4.17.23 arterial endothelial cell - 762787 3.4.17.23 arterial smooth muscle - 762787 3.4.17.23 artery non-diseased mammary arteries and atherosclerotic carotid arteries. Total vessel wall expression of ACE and ACE2 is similar during all stages of atherosclerosis. The observed ACE2 protein is enzymatically active and activity is lower in the stable advanced atherosclerotic lesions, compared to early and ruptured atherosclerotic lesions 693806 3.4.17.23 astrocyte transcriptional regulation of ACE2 mRNA in astrocytes is dependent on the relative concentrations of both angiotensin II and angiotensin(1–7) as well as on interaction with their respective receptors -, 667146 3.4.17.23 atherosclerotic plaque - 681180 3.4.17.23 atherosclerotic plaque cells in atherosclerotic plaques co-express ACE2, Oct-4, and CD34 679704 3.4.17.23 bile duct - 690356 3.4.17.23 blood - 732780 3.4.17.23 blood coronary sinus blood, evidence against a major role for angiotensin converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase in angiotensin peptide metabolism in the human coronary circulation 669704 3.4.17.23 blood the soluble form of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 lacks the membrane anchor and circulates in small amounts in the blood 753315 3.4.17.23 blood plasma - 679707, 681178, 753896, 763771 3.4.17.23 blood plasma ACE2 circulates in human plasma, but its activity is suppressed by the presence of an endogenous inhibitor 679708 3.4.17.23 blood plasma no or very low ACE2 in healthy individuals. ACE2 may be upregulated in subjects with cardiovascular disease 668897 3.4.17.23 blood plasma of patients with obstructive coronary artery disease 755175 3.4.17.23 blood serum - 765211 3.4.17.23 blood vessel - 708649, 709990, 753311 3.4.17.23 blood vessel cardiac blood vessel 668220 3.4.17.23 brain - 679707, 693733, 694170, 708683, 709743, 732366, 754629, 762787 3.4.17.23 brain ACE2 is widespread throughout the brain, present in nuclei involved in the central regulation of cardiovascular function like the cardio-respiratory neurons of the brainstem, as well as in non-cardiovascular areas such as the motor cortex and raphe 693733 3.4.17.23 brain fetal, low ACE mRNA expression 668892 3.4.17.23 brain overexpression to the forebrain, essentially the subfornical organ, inhibits both pressor and drinking responses resulting from intracerebroventricular administration of Ang-II 691838 3.4.17.23 brain predominantly in neurons 693733 3.4.17.23 brain transcriptional regulation of ACE2 mRNA in astrocytes is dependent on the relative concentrations of both angiotensin II and angiotensin(1–7) as well as on interaction with their respective receptors -, 667146 3.4.17.23 brain stem - 679707 3.4.17.23 brain stem about 20% of the ACE2 gene expression in kidney cortex 668896 3.4.17.23 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid - 707074 3.4.17.23 Caco-2 cell - 764930 3.4.17.23 Calu-3 cell - 707074 3.4.17.23 capillary ACE2 and transmembrane protease TMPRSS2 are expressed in capillaries 765492 3.4.17.23 cardiac muscle - 762787 3.4.17.23 cardiofibroblast - 710214 3.4.17.23 cardiomyocyte - 679705, 707036 3.4.17.23 carotid atherosclerotic plaque ACE2 mRNA is expressed in early and advanced human carotid atherosclerotic lesions 693806 3.4.17.23 cell culture - 708684, 710616 3.4.17.23 cerebellum low ACE mRNA expression 668892 3.4.17.23 cerebral cortex - 679707 3.4.17.23 cerebral cortex about 10% of the ACE2 gene expression in kidney cortex 668896 3.4.17.23 cerebrospinal fluid - 754629 3.4.17.23 ciliary body - 693796 3.4.17.23 colon - 658963, 678102, 694170, 762703 3.4.17.23 colon only moderate levels 659147 3.4.17.23 connective tissue - 707314, 708195 3.4.17.23 coronary artery vascular walls and endothelium 708649 3.4.17.23 endothelial cell expressed ACE2 to a high level, has not been shown to be infected by SARS-CoV. Presence of ACE2 alone is not sufficient for maintaining viral infection. Other virus receptors or coreceptors may be required in different tissues 669977 3.4.17.23 endothelium and vascular walls of coronary arteries 708649 3.4.17.23 endothelium the enzyme is present in endothelia overlying neo-intima formation and atherosclerotic plaques, but not in endothelial layer overlying normal vessel wall 681180 3.4.17.23 enterocyte - 762787 3.4.17.23 enterocyte surface enterocytes of the small intestine 669977 3.4.17.23 epithelium - 709743 3.4.17.23 epithelium ACE2 and transmembrane protease TMPRSS2 are strongly expressed in the intermediate layer of the squamous epithelia of tongue papillae and buccal mucosa 765492 3.4.17.23 epithelium from airway, apical surface 707074 3.4.17.23 epithelium of coronary and intrarenal vessels and renal tubuls 658455 3.4.17.23 esophagus - 762703 3.4.17.23 eye vitreous body, retina and ciliary body. Counterbalancing interaction of ACE1 (EC 3.4.15.1) and ACE2 in physiological regulation of ocular circulation and pressure and possible protective role in certain ophthalmic disorders such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy 693796 3.4.17.23 fibroblast cardiac fibroblast 762787 3.4.17.23 fibroblast primary kidney fibroblast 762703 3.4.17.23 fibroblast primary lung fibroblast 752512 3.4.17.23 ganglion ACE2 and transmembrane protease TMPRSS2 are stained in the neuronal cell body of trigeminal ganglia 765492 3.4.17.23 gastrointestinal tract - 753315, 763160 3.4.17.23 glomerulus - 679300, 680388 3.4.17.23 heart - 659147, 668220, 668528, 668892, 669404, 677475, 678102, 679072, 679705, 679706, 680099, 680103, 694170, 707036, 708141, 708649, 708684, 710214, 762703, 763217 3.4.17.23 heart 12-day administration of agents that either inhibit the synthesis of circulating angiotensin II or block the activity of angiotensin II at the AT1 receptor induce an increase in cardiac ACE2 mRNA, accompanied by increases in cardiac membrane ACE2 activity in rats medicated with either losartan or both losartan and lisinopril 668266 3.4.17.23 heart about 35% of the ACE2 gene expression in kidney cortex 668896 3.4.17.23 heart elevated expression in a rat model with chronic heart failure 731092 3.4.17.23 heart the endothelium-bound carboxypeptidase is expressed in the heart and kidney 694351 3.4.17.23 heart the enzyme is upregulated in cardiovascular disease 695418 3.4.17.23 heart vascular endothelial cells 754646 3.4.17.23 heart ventricle - 658455, 658963 3.4.17.23 HEK-293 cell - 668550 3.4.17.23 HEK-293T cell - 762803 3.4.17.23 Hep-G2 cell - 753391, 755421 3.4.17.23 hepatic stellate cell - 708195 3.4.17.23 hippocampus - 679707 3.4.17.23 HK-2 cell - 690333 3.4.17.23 HT-1080 cell - 707074 3.4.17.23 hypothalamus about 15% of the ACE2 gene expression in kidney cortex 668896 3.4.17.23 hypothalamus brain ACE2 activity is highest in hypothalamus 679707 3.4.17.23 hypothalamus low ACE mRNA expression 668892 3.4.17.23 intestine - 681178 3.4.17.23 intestine highest ACE2 mRNA expression in intestine epithelium 668892 3.4.17.23 intestine predominantly expressed in intestines, testis, and kidney 752692 3.4.17.23 kidney - 658963, 659147, 668892, 668895, 669404, 677488, 678102, 679072, 679707, 681022, 681178, 690375, 708683, 710532, 732775, 752436, 752845, 753315, 762703, 762787 3.4.17.23 kidney ACE and ACE2 co-localized strongly in the apical brush border of the proximal tubule 680388 3.4.17.23 kidney ACE2 mRNA is widely expressed, with relatively high levels in proximal straight tubule. ACE2 protein is present in tubular segments, glomeruli and endothelial cells. No activity in medullary thick ascending limb of henle's loop 667166 3.4.17.23 kidney cortex and medulla, about 50% of the ACE2 gene expression in kidney cortex 668896 3.4.17.23 kidney diabetic rats, 50% reduced enzyme content in renal tubules 658884 3.4.17.23 kidney elevated expression in a rat model with chronic heart failure 731092 3.4.17.23 kidney in salt-sensitive Sabra hypertensive (SBH/y) rats, ACE2 mRNA and protein expression are lower than that in salt-resistant Sabra normotensive (SBN/y) rats 693733 3.4.17.23 kidney localization of ACE2 in the podocytes early in the development of diabetes indicates that it may protect against podocyte loss, thus preventing the worsening glomerular injury 694170 3.4.17.23 kidney predominantly expressed in intestines, testis, and kidney 752692 3.4.17.23 kidney predominantly expressed in the proximal tubule 679300 3.4.17.23 kidney renal ACE and ACE2 activities increase at 1 year in males, while there are no changes throughout development in females. Renal ACE and ACE2 mRNA and protein show no sex differences but increase by 1 year of age 755365 3.4.17.23 kidney renal tubular epithelium 763160 3.4.17.23 kidney the endothelium-bound carboxypeptidases is expressed in the heart and kidney. ACE2 is expressed in renal tubular epithelium, vascular smooth muscle cells of the intrarenal arteries and in the glomeruli 694351 3.4.17.23 kidney tubular epithelium 668220 3.4.17.23 kidney vascular endothelial cells 754646 3.4.17.23 Leydig cell - 763160 3.4.17.23 Leydig cell ACE2 may participate in the control of the testicular function 668418 3.4.17.23 liver - 681178, 694170, 708195, 753391, 755421, 762703, 762787 3.4.17.23 liver ACE2 plays a crucial role in liver fibrogenesis 692679 3.4.17.23 liver the enzyme is upregulated in fibrotic liver 695418 3.4.17.23 lung - 678102, 679135, 679703, 681178, 682824, 694170, 709743, 710616, 732569, 752512, 755431, 762703, 762787, 764575, 765794 3.4.17.23 lung ACE2 and the AT2 receptor protect against lung injury. Exogenous recombinant human ACE2 attenuates acute lung failure in Ace knockout as well as in wild-type mice. Acute lung injury results in a marked downregulation of ACE2. Loss of ACE2 expression in acute lung injury leads to leaky pulmonary blood vessels through AT1 receptor stimulation 670375 3.4.17.23 lung ECE2 and ACE activities are increased in the same portions in the lungs of FR30 rats (adult 4-months-old offspring from 70% food-restricted dams throughout gestation) 668892 3.4.17.23 lung expression level of ACE2 in the lung is minimal 752692 3.4.17.23 lung low level of expression. RNA expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in lung AT2 cells was higher in one Asian donor as compared with white and African American donors 753315 3.4.17.23 lung epithelium - 681022 3.4.17.23 lymph node - 762703 3.4.17.23 lymphocyte within oral mucosa 762787 3.4.17.23 macrophage - 679704, 681180, 708649 3.4.17.23 monocyte classical, CD14++CD16- cells 753311 3.4.17.23 additional information highest relative level of ACE2 mRNA expression is observed in CD14++CD16- (classical) monocytes. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), monocytes and classical monocytes, ACE2 protein expression is stronger compared to other monocyte subpopulations. ACE1 (EC 3.4.15.1) expression is slightly more diverse than ACE2 levels, immune cell expression analysis 753311 3.4.17.23 additional information no activity in CHO cell 707055 3.4.17.23 additional information no activity in EC cells 707055 3.4.17.23 additional information no activity in plasma 668895 3.4.17.23 additional information no detectable enzyme levels in vascular smooth muscle cell or vascular endothelium 679705 3.4.17.23 additional information no expression in Schwann cells or in venules/arterioles 765492 3.4.17.23 additional information weak or no ACE2 mRNA expression in: hippocampus, skeletal muscle, liver, spleen, testis, uterus and mammary gland 668892 3.4.17.23 mucosa ACE2 and transmembrane proteaseTMPRSS2 are strongly expressed in the intermediate layer of the squamous epithelia of tongue papillae and buccal mucosa 765492 3.4.17.23 muscle - 762703 3.4.17.23 myocardium - 708649, 708684 3.4.17.23 myocyte - 708649, 708684 3.4.17.23 myofibroblast - 731675 3.4.17.23 nasopharynx - 763771 3.4.17.23 non-small cell lung cancer cell decreased ACE2 expression, expression profile in relation to clinicopathological factors, e.g. smoking, overview 710171 3.4.17.23 oral mucosa - 763755 3.4.17.23 ovary - 694170 3.4.17.23 ovary only moderate levels 659147 3.4.17.23 pancreas ACE-mediated inhibition of TGF-beta expression may prevent islet fibrosis and loss of islet function 694170 3.4.17.23 pancreas low ACE mRNA expression 668892 3.4.17.23 pancreas non-malignant tissues surrounding invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 695187 3.4.17.23 pancreatic invasive ductal adenocarcinoma cell - 695187 3.4.17.23 peripheral blood mononuclear cell PBMC 753311 3.4.17.23 pituitary gland - 679707 3.4.17.23 pituitary gland low ACE mRNA expression 668892 3.4.17.23 placenta - 668892, 694170 3.4.17.23 placenta during pregnancy, the placenta and the uterus, constitute important sources of ACE2, in addition to its normal production in the kidney, leading to an estimated twofold increase in total ACE2 activity 690375 3.4.17.23 placenta expression of ACE2 is similar in samples obtained from normal term or preeclamptic pregnancies, except for increased expression of ACE2 in umbilical arterial endothelium in preeclampsia. The uteroplacental location of angiotensin (1-7) and ACE2 in pregnancy suggests an autocrine function of angiotensin(1-7) in the vasoactive regulation that characterizes placentation and establishes pregnancy 670526 3.4.17.23 podocyte - 680388 3.4.17.23 proximale tubular epithelium cell line ACE2 is shedded in mouse proximal tubular cells at positions 18-706 and 18-577, respectively 732775 3.4.17.23 pulmonary artery endothelial cell - 732912 3.4.17.23 pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell primary cell culture 710616 3.4.17.23 renal cortex - 677488 3.4.17.23 renal medulla - 677488 3.4.17.23 renal tubule predominantly in proximal tubules, diabetic rats, 30% reduced enzyme content 658884 3.4.17.23 retina - 693796, 694170 3.4.17.23 retina ACE2 is localized predominantly to the inner nuclear layer but also to photoreceptors, in the diabetic retina ACE2 is increased, ramipril treatment has no influence 668339 3.4.17.23 rostral ventrolateral medulla - 680099 3.4.17.23 salivary gland ACE2 and transmembrane protease TMPRSS2 are coexpressed in the ductal epithelium and acinar cells of salivary glands 765492 3.4.17.23 Sertoli cell - 668418 3.4.17.23 serum - 707314, 732366, 732569 3.4.17.23 skin - 708685, 709990 3.4.17.23 small intestine - 658963, 694170, 762703, 762787 3.4.17.23 small intestine only moderate levels 659147 3.4.17.23 small intestine surface enterocytes 669977 3.4.17.23 smooth muscle cell - 679704, 681180 3.4.17.23 spleen - 762703 3.4.17.23 stomach - 762703 3.4.17.23 stomach low ACE mRNA expression 668892 3.4.17.23 taste bud ACE2- and transmembrane protease TMPRSS2-positive cells are observed in the taste buds of the tongue 765492 3.4.17.23 testis - 658455, 658963, 659147, 678102, 694170, 762787, 763160 3.4.17.23 testis ACE2 may participate in the control of the testicular function 668418 3.4.17.23 testis predominantly expressed in intestines, testis, and kidney 752692 3.4.17.23 tongue ACE2- and transmembrane protease TMPRSS2-positive cells are observed in the taste buds of the tongue 765492 3.4.17.23 urine - 669004, 669404 3.4.17.23 uterine endometrium - 695087 3.4.17.23 uterus during pregnancy the placenta and the uterus, constitute important sources of ACE2, in addition to its normal production in the kidney, leading to an estimated twofold increase in total ACE2 activity 690375 3.4.17.23 vascular endothelial cell - 763160 3.4.17.23 vascular endothelial cell in the heart and the kidney 754646 3.4.17.23 vascular endothelium - 762787 3.4.17.23 vein total vessel wall expression of ACE and ACE2 is similar during all stages of atherosclerosis. The observed ACE2 protein is enzymatically active and activity is lower in the stable advanced atherosclerotic lesions, compared to early and ruptured atherosclerotic lesions 693806 3.4.17.23 vena cava induced thrombus 709990 3.4.17.23 vena cava induced thrombus. No differences between spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar Kyoto rats in ACE2 protein and ACE activity in the thrombi 709990 3.4.17.23 venous endothelial cell - 762787