2.7.1.1 adenohypophysis in addition to gonadotropes the enzyme is observed in a subpopulation of corticotropes and tyrotropes 675193 2.7.1.1 adipocyte very low expression 703959 2.7.1.1 adipose tissue type I isozyme, type II isozyme 662531 2.7.1.1 amastigote obtained from hamster lesion 676293 2.7.1.1 AS-30D cell 153-306 times higher overexpression in rat AS-30D hepatoma cells than in normal freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. The enhanced glycolytic flux in fast-growth tumor cells is controlled by an overproduced, but glucose 6-phosphate-inhibited hexokinase 673541 2.7.1.1 astrocyte cerebrocortical astrocytes in primary culture, prepared from the neopallium 640248 2.7.1.1 astrocyte hexokinase I: predominant in normal brain, hexokinase II: increased in brain tumors, ethylnitrosourea-induced 36B-10 astrocytic F-344 rat brain tumor cell line 640259 2.7.1.1 B-cell - 641067 2.7.1.1 berry highest expression in berries during development and at the start of ripening 738785 2.7.1.1 berry protein is detected throughout berry development. At Phase I of grape berry development, lower hexose (glucose or fructose) levels are concomitant with higher hexokinase activities and protein levels. After the onset of ripening, a drastic reduction in hexokinase activity and protein levels is accompanied by a rising hexose level 739283 2.7.1.1 betaTC-3 cell - 738698 2.7.1.1 blood - 640227 2.7.1.1 blood platelet contains only hexokinase I 640245 2.7.1.1 bloodstream form TbHK1 is essential to the bloodstream form. Silencing the gene for 4 days reduces cellular hexokinase about 60% and leads to parasite death 688893 2.7.1.1 brain - 640219, 640221, 640224, 640243, 640267, 662842, 671258, 674942, 703129, 722876, 738756, 759445 2.7.1.1 brain cytoplasmic hexokinase I 640214 2.7.1.1 brain hexokinase I 640229, 640236, 640247, 640258, 640263 2.7.1.1 brain high levels of type I isozyme, isozymes type II and III 662531 2.7.1.1 brain the presence of glucokinase phosphorylating activity is detected in different brain areas of 21-day-old foetuses with a contribution to the total glucose-phosphorylating activity of between 17.2% and 12.4% 705268 2.7.1.1 brain stem the contribution of glucokinase to total glucose-phosphorylating activity is of 12.4% in the brainstem 705268 2.7.1.1 bundle sheath vascular starch sheath 661772 2.7.1.1 carcinoma cell the enzyme is expressed at high level in cancer cells compared with normal cells 759210 2.7.1.1 cardiac muscle low expression 759579 2.7.1.1 cardiac muscle fiber high hexokinase activity 759555 2.7.1.1 cardiomyocyte ventricular myocyte 739066 2.7.1.1 cell culture glucokinase is continuously expressed during the all growth stages, and the peak value for glucokinase activity occurrs in the stationary growth phase before spores form 671492 2.7.1.1 cell suspension culture - -, 640234 2.7.1.1 cerebellum the contribution of glucokinase to total glucose-phosphorylating activity is of 13.3% in the cerebellum 705268 2.7.1.1 cerebellum type III isozyme 662531 2.7.1.1 cerebral cortex - 723652 2.7.1.1 cerebral cortex the contribution of glucokinase to total glucose-phosphorylating activity is of 15.3% in the cerebral cortex 705268 2.7.1.1 colon high expression in surface epithelium. Very low expression in crypt base epithelium 759579 2.7.1.1 commercial preparation - 661952, 662581 2.7.1.1 corticotropic cell a subpopulation of 675193 2.7.1.1 cotyledon - 723049 2.7.1.1 Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cell - 737457 2.7.1.1 embryo the superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase activities are higher during embryo cellularization, at the end of embryogenesis and during embryo segmentation, respectively. All of the enzymes are stimulated by polyphosphate P3, which is inhibitory to hexokinase 738409 2.7.1.1 endosperm - 676714 2.7.1.1 endosperm HXK6 676714 2.7.1.1 endosperm HXK8 676714 2.7.1.1 epidermis very low expression 759579 2.7.1.1 epimastigote - 640216, 640217, 640265 2.7.1.1 erythrocyte - 640225, 758656, 758866, 758986, 759442 2.7.1.1 erythrocyte 3 major forms: hexokinase Ia corresponds to type I from human liver, hexokinase Ib is the predominant form in fetal erythrocytes, hexokinase Ic, cell age dependence of the isoenzymic pattern 640230 2.7.1.1 erythrocyte contains a multibanded type I hexokinase 640245 2.7.1.1 erythrocyte hexokinase type I 640213, 640251 2.7.1.1 erythrocyte hexokinase types II and III, hexokinase III is the predominant form in adult pig erythrocytes, hexokinase II in newborn pig erythrocytes 640240, 640241 2.7.1.1 erythrocyte only low enzyme levels 640223 2.7.1.1 erythrocyte only one enzyme form 640206, 640213, 640251 2.7.1.1 esophageal squamous epithelium intermediate expression in suprabasal squamous epithelium. Low expression in basal layer 759579 2.7.1.1 fast twitch muscle fiber no glucokinase transcript detected. Activity declines with both fasting and refeeding 671258 2.7.1.1 fibroblast - 760189 2.7.1.1 fibroblast fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis exhibit an increased abundance of hexokinase 2 760189 2.7.1.1 flower - 676714 2.7.1.1 flower HXK10 is expressed only in flowers 676714 2.7.1.1 flower HXK6 676714 2.7.1.1 flower HXK7 676714 2.7.1.1 flower HXK8 676714 2.7.1.1 flower HXK9 676714 2.7.1.1 foot muscle during anoxia, an increase in Km for ATP and a decrease in Vmax for anoxic snail hexokinase are consistent with a less active enzyme 738076 2.7.1.1 germ - 676389 2.7.1.1 gill moderate activity 759359 2.7.1.1 glioblastoma cell human glioblastoma multiforme shows increased HK2 expression, correlating with poor overall survival 722876 2.7.1.1 glioma cell hexokinase I, predominant in normal brain 640259 2.7.1.1 glioma cell hexokinase II, increased in brain tumors, ethylnitrosourea-induced 36B-10 astrocytic F-344 rat brain tumor cell line 640259 2.7.1.1 gonadotrophic cell - 675193 2.7.1.1 gonadotrophic cell predominant cell type expressing glucokinase 675193 2.7.1.1 granulocyte 70-80% hexokinase III, 20-30% hexokinase I 640245 2.7.1.1 guard cell - 661772 2.7.1.1 hair follicle low expression 759579 2.7.1.1 heart - 640220, 640223, 640227, 671249, 722275 2.7.1.1 heart 2 isoenzymes 640246 2.7.1.1 heart hexokinase I 640229 2.7.1.1 heart low activity 759359 2.7.1.1 HEK-293 cell - 737798, 758656 2.7.1.1 HeLa cell overproduction of hexokinase 673541 2.7.1.1 Hep-G2 cell - 760035 2.7.1.1 hepatic cecum most abundant expression in hepatic cecum, testis and ovary 738321 2.7.1.1 hepatocyte - 663393, 704479 2.7.1.1 hepatocyte 153-306 times higher overexpression in rat AS-30D hepatoma cells than in normal freshly isolated rat hepatocytes 673541 2.7.1.1 hepatoma cell - 704456 2.7.1.1 hepatoma cell type II isozyme 662531 2.7.1.1 hepatoma cell line AS-30D, highly glycolytic tumor cells 640210 2.7.1.1 hepatopancreas during anoxia, a reduction in the Km for glucose for hexokinase from the anoxic animal suggests a more active enzyme form 738076 2.7.1.1 hepatopancreas high activity 759359 2.7.1.1 hindbrain - 671258, 703290 2.7.1.1 hindbrain dorsal vagal complex 705234 2.7.1.1 hippocampus - 701997 2.7.1.1 HOS cell - 737609 2.7.1.1 hypothalamus - 641072, 703290, 738756 2.7.1.1 hypothalamus enzyme activities increase in the ventromedial hypothalamus as the glucose concentration rises. Enzyme activities in lateral hypothalamus decreases at 2.8 mM and 20 mM glucose 675095 2.7.1.1 hypothalamus expression is altered by feeding conditions, especially in liver and hypothalamus where food deprivation decreases and refeeding increases expression. Activity in refed fish is higher than that of fed fish 671258 2.7.1.1 hypothalamus the hypothalamus is the region of maximum activity (17.2%) 705268 2.7.1.1 INS-1 cell - 703385 2.7.1.1 intestine high expression in villous brush border. No expression in deep crypt epithelium 759579 2.7.1.1 intestine low activity 759359 2.7.1.1 kernel - 676389 2.7.1.1 KHOS cell - 737609 2.7.1.1 kidney - 722275 2.7.1.1 kidney activity significantly decreases with fasting 671258 2.7.1.1 kidney hexokinase I 640229 2.7.1.1 kidney low expression 759579 2.7.1.1 KRIB cell - 737609 2.7.1.1 Langerhans cell pancreatic islets of Langerhans cells: hexokinase I and IV mRNA in beta cells, not type II and III, but HK I activity probably originates mainly from contaminating pancreatic exocrine cells 640254 2.7.1.1 larva Hex B predominates in larval extract, Hex A is completely absent -, 640208, 640226 2.7.1.1 leaf - 661772, 676714, 723383, 738785, 739036 2.7.1.1 leaf changes in the cytosolic and non-cytosolic isozyme complexes induced by tobacco mosaic virus infection 661307 2.7.1.1 leaf excised leaves 676714 2.7.1.1 leaf HXK8 676714 2.7.1.1 leaf HXK9 676714 2.7.1.1 leaf transcript level of OsHXK2 is increased markedly by the treatment with glucose or fructose, for 12 and 24 h. Activity in excised leaves 676714 2.7.1.1 leaf transcript level of OsHXK5 is increased markedly by the treatment with glucose or fructose, for 12 and 24 h. Activity in excised leaves 676714 2.7.1.1 leaf transcript levels of OsHXK6 is increased markedly by the treatment with glucose or fructose, for 12 and 24 h. Activity in excised leaves 676714 2.7.1.1 liver - 640220, 641068, 641071, 660949, 660963, 663409, 672225, 673262, 674800, 687771, 702116, 702535, 702572, 702666, 703129, 703290, 703358, 703597, 703959, 704456, 704479, 704831, 706889, 722275, 737605, 737623, 737662, 738420 2.7.1.1 liver 4 isoenzymes, lower level of hexokinase IV than in rat liver 640230 2.7.1.1 liver activity significantly decreases with fasting. Activity in refed fish is higher than that of fed fish 671258 2.7.1.1 liver carboxyl-domain of hexokinase type III 640261 2.7.1.1 liver hexokinase IV or D 640220 2.7.1.1 liver liver enzyme is active 673150 2.7.1.1 liver no expression in hepatocytes. Very low expression in interlobular bile duct 759579 2.7.1.1 liver the Marmota monax model of hepatocellular carcinoma has significantly increased levels of hexokinase in the livers compared to age-matching healthy animals 673171 2.7.1.1 liver the rate of glucose phosphorylation in hepatocytes is determined by the subcellular location of glucokinase and by its association with its regulatory protein (GKRP) in the nucleus. Elevated glucose concentrations and precursors of fructose 1-phosphate (e.g., sorbitol) cause dissociation of glucokinase from GKRP and translocation to the cytoplasm. Mechanisms downstream of AMPK activation, involving phosphorylation of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase and GKRP are involved in the ATP-independent inhibition of glucose-induced glucokinase translocation by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside in hepatocytes 684366 2.7.1.1 liver three days of dichlorvos administration (20 ng/kg body weight) results in increase of glucokinase mRNA levels and decrease in enzyme activity 675743 2.7.1.1 lung high expression in alveolar macrophages. Intermediate expression in bronchial epithelium. very low expression in alveolar lining cells 759579 2.7.1.1 lymphocyte contains mainly hexokinase I and a minor amount of hexokinase III in the soluble fraction, less than 10% 640245 2.7.1.1 lymphocyte hexokinase type III 640261 2.7.1.1 macrophage - 737993 2.7.1.1 MEF cell - 705697 2.7.1.1 merozoite Plasmodium falciparum hexokinase is associated with the membrane via its C-terminal hydrophobic sequence, and this membrane association improves the efficiency of glucose phosphorylation immediately upon entering the host cell. Plasmodium hexokinase ensures a dramatic increase in reduced glutathione production in infected erythrocytes 758656 2.7.1.1 MG-63 cell - 737609 2.7.1.1 midbrain activity significantly decreases with fasting. Activity in refed fish is higher than that of fed fish 671258 2.7.1.1 MIN-6 cell - 737641, 738698, 758656 2.7.1.1 MIN-6 cell stable overexpression of glucokinase as an enhanced cyan fluorescent protein fusion construct 673265 2.7.1.1 MMT-060562 cell mouse mammary tumour cell 737457 2.7.1.1 monocyte - 737993 2.7.1.1 additional information activities in intestine and erythrocytes are very low and probably not physiologically relevant. No activity in the heart 671258 2.7.1.1 additional information gene is expressed in all life cycle stages -, 739618 2.7.1.1 additional information hexokinase is distributed in the worm extensively as well as in liver tissue and serum from Clonorchis sinensis infected rats 739403 2.7.1.1 additional information no detection of endogenous transcript for OsHXK1 in the various samples from leaves, roots, flowers, immature seeds, or sugar-treated or rice-blast-infected leaves 676714 2.7.1.1 additional information not expressed in skeletal muscle and kidney 703959 2.7.1.1 additional information type I isozyme is virtually expressed in all tissues, expression of type II isozyme is more limited to insulin-sensitive tissues 662531 2.7.1.1 muscle - 722079, 722275, 739595 2.7.1.1 muscle high activity 759359 2.7.1.1 muscle pink-to-red muscle cuticle, fresh, freezing causes substantial loss of hexokinase activity, only one enzyme form 640209 2.7.1.1 mycelium glucose-grown 640242 2.7.1.1 myenteric plexus low expression 759579 2.7.1.1 Neuro-2a cell - 737457 2.7.1.1 neuron key role for hexokinase activity and/or localization to the mitochondria in the regulation of neurite outgrowth in cultured adult sensory neurons 689221 2.7.1.1 Novikoff hepatoma cell Novikoff ascites-hepatoma cells, hexokinases A, B and C, but not D 640233 2.7.1.1 oocyst - 94720 2.7.1.1 oocyte - 738226, 739239 2.7.1.1 ovary most abundant expression in hepatic cecum, testis and ovary 738321 2.7.1.1 P-19 cell - 758915 2.7.1.1 P-815 cell - 737457 2.7.1.1 pancreas - 660810, 660963, 677004, 702320, 703959, 721163, 721735, 722269, 723509, 737954 2.7.1.1 pancreas glucokinase gene and protein detected 673150 2.7.1.1 pancreas high expression in acinar centrocytes, onterlobular pancreatic duct and larger pancreatic duct. Very low expression in pancreatic islet cells. No expression in acinar cells 759579 2.7.1.1 pancreas islets of Langerhans cells: hexokinase I and IV mRNA in beta cells, not type II and III, but HK I activity probably originates mainly from contaminating pancreatic exocrine cells 640254 2.7.1.1 pancreas three days of dichlorvos administration (20 ng/kg body weight) has no affect on pancreatic glucokinase activity as well as mRNA levels 675743 2.7.1.1 pancreatic beta cell - 660810, 663393, 702119, 702140, 702236, 702314, 703358, 703385, 703597, 703624, 703968, 759145 2.7.1.1 pancreatic islet - 641067, 663393, 705294 2.7.1.1 pancreatic islet beta-cells 641068, 641070, 641071 2.7.1.1 pancreatic islet constitutively expressed at a basal rate of 63 pmol/microgram protein/h 671936 2.7.1.1 pancreatic islet glucokinase is inhibited by endogenous long-chain fatty acyl-CoA in islets from omega3-depleted rats. Such an inhibition probably participates to the alteration of D-glucose catabolism prevailing in these islets 685989 2.7.1.1 pancreatic islet highest expression in islet cells 703959 2.7.1.1 parenchyma xylem 661772 2.7.1.1 peripheral blood mononuclear cell - 737993 2.7.1.1 placenta - 640237 2.7.1.1 pollen - 676714, 738785 2.7.1.1 promastigote specific activity increases with the aging of promastigote culture (related to glucose consumption). The level of the hexokinase protein remains constant 676293 2.7.1.1 prostate gland intermediate expression in basal cells. Low to intermediate expression in stromal cells. Low expression in gland epithelium 759579 2.7.1.1 pupa expression and activity levels are significantly increased in nondiapause-destined pupae compared with those of diapause-destined pupae 737409 2.7.1.1 Purkinje neuron type III isozyme 662531 2.7.1.1 reticulocyte contains 3.6fold the enzyme found in mature erythrocytes, hexokinase type I 640213 2.7.1.1 reticulocyte hexokinase Ia and Ib 640206, 640228 2.7.1.1 retina - 640215 2.7.1.1 root - 676389, 676714, 723049, 723601, 738785 2.7.1.1 root HXK6 676714 2.7.1.1 root HXK7 676714 2.7.1.1 root HXK8 676714 2.7.1.1 root HXK9 676714 2.7.1.1 root no increase of activity during hypoxia 676445 2.7.1.1 root tip - 661772 2.7.1.1 SAOS-2 cell - 737609 2.7.1.1 seed - 676389, 723049 2.7.1.1 seed immature, HXK7 676714 2.7.1.1 seed OsHXK7 is expressed preferentially in seed coats. After the treatment with glucose or fructose, the expression of OsHXK7 is reduced significantly in immature seeds 676714 2.7.1.1 seed OsHXK8 transcripts level remains high during the starch-filling phase. Immature seed 676714 2.7.1.1 seed transcript increases gradually from the ovaries prior to pollination up to 5–6 days after flowering, following which it decreases. Immature seed 676714 2.7.1.1 seed transcript level increases gradually from the ovaries prior to pollination up to 5-6 days after flowering, following which it decreases, HXK6 676714 2.7.1.1 seed transcript level increases gradually from the ovaries prior to pollination up to 5-6 days after flowering, following which it decreases. Immature seed 676714 2.7.1.1 seed transcript level increases gradually from the ovaries prior to pollination up to 5–6 days after flowering, following which it decreases, HXK6. Immature seed 676714 2.7.1.1 seed transcript level increases gradually from the ovaries prior to pollination up to 5–6 days after flowering, following which it decreases. Immature seed 676714 2.7.1.1 seed transcript level of OsHXK9 increases gradually from the ovaries prior to pollination up to 5–6 days after flowering, following which it decreases. Immature seed 676714 2.7.1.1 semen - 661740, 758656 2.7.1.1 semen sperm membrane and sperm extract, uncapacitated causal epididymal sperm, contains a unique tyrosine-phosphorylated form of hexokinase 640229 2.7.1.1 skeletal muscle hexokinase type II, best source of enzyme 640207 2.7.1.1 skeletal muscle low expression 759579 2.7.1.1 skeletal muscle type I isozyme, type II isozyme 662531 2.7.1.1 SNU-449 cell - 702867 2.7.1.1 sperm - 661740, 737798 2.7.1.1 sperm the presence of 0.5 mM glucose induces total hexokinase activity in supernatants from sperm extracts of 1.7 mIU/mg protein, while the same concentration of both fructose, mannose, and sorbitol induces total hexokinase activity from 0.3 mIU/mg protein to 0.60 IU/mg protein. Diluted boar sperm from fresh ejaculates phosphorylates glucose through the hexokinase step much more efficiently than fructose or mannose. This difference facilitates a much more rapid intake of glucose into glycolysis than the other sugars 676109 2.7.1.1 spermatozoon enzyme is located in either head and tail, in the latter in peri- and post-acrosomal zones 661740 2.7.1.1 spleen hexokinase I 640229 2.7.1.1 spleen low expression 759579 2.7.1.1 stem - 723049 2.7.1.1 stomach high expression in parietal cells and chief cells. Intermediate expression in superficial foveolar epithelium 759579 2.7.1.1 SW-1990 cell - 758900 2.7.1.1 SW-480 cell - 758900 2.7.1.1 sweat gland low expression in sweat gland, intermediate expression in sweat gland duct 759579 2.7.1.1 tachyzoite - -, 640260 2.7.1.1 tassel - 739036 2.7.1.1 tassel high expression 739036 2.7.1.1 telencephalon activity in refed fish is higher than that of fed fish. Activity in refed fish is higher than that of fed fish 671258 2.7.1.1 testis germ cell component, contains a unique tyrosine-phosphorylated form of hexokinase 640229 2.7.1.1 testis low expression 759579 2.7.1.1 testis most abundant expression in hepatic cecum, testis and ovary 738321 2.7.1.1 thyroid gland intermediate to high expression 759579 2.7.1.1 trypomastigote uninfective procyclic forms and haematozoic, animal-infective blood-stream forms of Trypanosoma congolense 640212 2.7.1.1 tuber - 676389 2.7.1.1 tuber developing 640238, 640239 2.7.1.1 tuber organ- and development-specific changes in the abundance of the 3 isoenzymes 640238 2.7.1.1 U2-OS cell - 737609 2.7.1.1 whole body adult, Hex A, Hex B and Hex C -, 640208 2.7.1.1 xylem parenchym 661772 2.7.1.1 YAC-1 cell mouse lymphoma cell 737457