1.8.4.9	malfunction	a C-terminal truncated plant-type APR lacking the redox domain losses APR activity but recovers the function after the addition of thioredoxin	763921	
1.8.4.9	malfunction	transgenic plants overexpressing APR2 show improved Cd tolerance, whereas knockout of APR2 have reduced Cd tolerance. APR2-overexpressing plants with increased Cd accumulation and tolerance show higher glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatin (PC) levels than the wild-type and apr2 mutant plants, but lower H2O2 and TBARS contents upon Cd exposure. Moreover, exogenous GSH application effectively rescued Cd hypersensitivity in APR2-knockout plants. Further analysis showed that buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, an inhibitor of GSH synthesis) treatment completely eliminated the enhanced Cd tolerance phenotypes of APR2-overexpressing plants, implying that APR2-mediated enhanced Cd tolerance is GSH-dependent. In addition, overexpression of the APR2 leads to elevated expressions of the GSH/PC synthesis related genes under Cd stress	-, 764564	
1.8.4.9	metabolism	in Arabidopsis there are three isoenzymes of APR (APR1, 2, and 3), of which APR2 is the major one in the sulfate reduction. Isozyme APR2 positively regulates cadmium tolerance through glutathione-dependent pathway	-, 764564	
1.8.4.9	metabolism	in contrast to the cooperation of a sulfonucleotide reductase and a thioredoxin in prokaryote systems, in plants, the protein involved in the pathway is only a single polypeptide which consists of two distinct domains: a sulfonucleotide reductase-like one and a thioredoxin-like one	763921	
1.8.4.9	additional information	the C-terminal domain of APR acts as a glutathione-dependent reductase. The crystal structure of the C-terminal redox domain of Arabidopsis APR1 (AtAPR1) shows a conserved alpha/beta thioredoxin fold, but not a glutaredoxin fold, crystal structure analysis, folding of the AtAPR1 redox domain is measured by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, overview. The C-terminal redox domain of APR is more similar to thioredoxin than glutaredoxin. Molecular model of AtAPR1 redox domain in complex with GSH, structure modeling, overview	763921	
1.8.4.9	physiological function	adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) reductase (APR) plays a vital role in catalyzing the reduction of activated sulfate to sulfite, which requires glutathione. APR activity is downregulated to avoid tissue injury by a negative feedback regulation, a mechanism associated with metabolic changes that cause reduced GSH concentration and the accumulation of sulfate	763921	
1.8.4.9	physiological function	APR2 regulates Cd accumulation and tolerance possibly through modulating GSH-dependent antioxidant capability and Cd-chelation machinery in Arabidopsis thaliana. APR2 can be exploited for engineering heavy metal-tolerant plants in phytoremediation. APR2-mediated enhanced Cd tolerance is GSH-dependent	-, 764564	
1.8.4.9	physiological function	chloroplast-localized adenosine-5'-phosphosulphate reductase (APR) generates sulfite and plays a pivotal role in reduction of sulfate to cysteine. The increases in APR activity in response to sulfite infiltration into wild-type and sulfite oxidase (SO)-deficient mutant leaves result in an increase in endogenous sulfite, indicating that APR has an important role in sulfite-induced increases in stomatal aperture. The importance of APR and SO and the significance of sulfite concentrations in water loss are further demonstrated during rapid, harsh drought stress in root-detached wild-type, gr2 and SO transgenic plants. Effects of sulfite infiltration on water status and sulfite accumulation in wild-type and sulfite oxidase overexpressing and deficient mutant leaves, overview	-, 765161	
1.8.4.9	physiological function	overexpression of isoform Apr2 results in enhanced cotyledon greening and fresh weight increase when plants are treated with high glucose. A T-DNA insertion mutant line shows delayed greening and fresh weight growth inhibition in response to glucose and to 2-deoxyglucose. The expression of glucose responsive genes, hexokinase 1, phenylalanine ammonia lyase 1 and pathogenesis related gene 5, is elevated in Apr2-overexpressing and wild-type plants in response to glucose treatment, while in the T-DNA insertion mutant line the transcript level for these genes decreases. Apr2-overexpressing plants display delayed flowering under long day condition	743157