1.13.11.51 malfunction isoform nced5 mutants reduce abscisic acid level and decrease tolerance to salt and water stress and delayed leaf senescence 765616 1.13.11.51 malfunction nced3 mutants have earlier seed germination, longer post-germination seedling growth, increased sensitivity to water stress and H2O2 stress and increased stomata aperture under water stress and delayed leaf senescence 764795 1.13.11.51 malfunction silencing of NCED4 in cultivar Salinas seeds leads to loss of thermoinhibition, and silencing of NCED4 alters the expression of genes involved in ABA, gibberellin, and ethylene biosynthesis and signaling pathways -, 726168 1.13.11.51 malfunction similar rate of transpirational water loss between the wild-type and mutant TaNCED2A-OE, cyp707a1/cyp707a2 and TaCYP707A1B-C lines during the entire period of dehydration 746158 1.13.11.51 malfunction suppression of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase alters fruit texture in transgenic tomato. Significant reduction in 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase activity leads to a downregulation in the transcription of genes encoding major cell wall catabolic enzymes, specifically polygalacturonase, pectin methyl esterase, beta-galactosidase precursor mRNA, xyloglucan endotransglycosylase, endo-1,4-beta cellulose, and expansin resulting in an increased accumulation of pectin during ripening and thus to significant extension of the shelf life to 15 to 29 d compared with a shelf life of only 7 d for the control fruit and an enhancement of fruit firmness at the mature stage by 30% to 45%, phenotypes, overview 726224 1.13.11.51 malfunction the lenc1, i.e. for low expression of NCED3 1, mutant shows reduced AtNCED3 promoter activity after dehydration treatment compared to the wild-type. The lenc1 mutation is recessive and is located on chromosome 4. Both the AtNCED3 transcripts and endogenous abscisic acid levels in lenc1 mutant plants are less abundant than in wild-type plants under dehydration treatments. The mutant is hypersensitive to methyl viologen, LiCl, NaCl and high light, phenotype, overview -, 712864 1.13.11.51 metabolism 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 3 is a key enzyme in abscisic acid biosynthesis -, 712864 1.13.11.51 metabolism 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 6 is a rate-limiting enzyme in abscisic acid biosynthesis -, 726372 1.13.11.51 metabolism 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase is a key enzyme in abscisic acid biosynthesis 726224 1.13.11.51 metabolism 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the abscisic acid biosynthetic pathway -, 723895 1.13.11.51 metabolism 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the abscisic acid biosynthetic pathway. Abscisic acid plays important roles in adaptive responses to various environmental stresses. Enzyme involvement in pathways providing tolerance to drought stress -, 725103 1.13.11.51 metabolism biosynthesis and catabolism of abscisic acid (ABA) in plants are primarily regulated by 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenases (NCEDs) and ABA 8'-hydroxylase (ABA8'OH, EC 1.14.13.93), respectively 746158 1.13.11.51 metabolism the 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 3 is a key gene in abscisic acid biosynthesis -, 712864 1.13.11.51 metabolism the enzyme is functionally active in abscisic acid biosynthesis in rice 764384 1.13.11.51 metabolism the induction of deep dormancy is initiated by the accumulation of abscisic acid in dormant types of Lilium longiflorum, which is induced by high summer temperatures 743021 1.13.11.51 additional information AtNCED3 expression in lenc1 might affect ABA production in response to dehydration -, 712864 1.13.11.51 additional information induction of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds enhances seed dormancy, inducing expression of NCED6 during seed development suppresses vivipary, precocious germination of developing seeds -, 726372 1.13.11.51 physiological function comparison of 93 genes obtained from 48 plant species to statistically estimate their sequence conservation and functional divergence. The gene structures of NCED are conserved across some species. A significant functional divergence is found between some subgroups. The evolution of NCED genes occurred by duplication, diversification and exon intron loss events 743170 1.13.11.51 physiological function ectopic expression of isoform NCED3 in Arabidopsis complements the phenotypic defects of the 129B08/nced3 mutant and enhances wild-type tolerance to chloride stress. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants show improved growth and developmental status, increased abscisic acid contents, and reduced transpiration rates and relative water content. Ectopic expression of NCED3 decreases chloride accumulation and oxidative damage, and upregulates the expression levels of chloride channel protein CLCc and low anion channel 1 homolog 3 genes 743527 1.13.11.51 physiological function enzyme isoform NCED3 is involved in drought avoidance. Enzyme overexpression of isoform CsNCED3 decreases the stomatal conductance without noticeable negative effects on the photosynthetic rates 764809 1.13.11.51 physiological function enzyme-overexpressing transgenic plants show significantly improved drought tolerance, including a higher growth rate and better drought resistance under drought conditions, compared to those of wild type plants 764797 1.13.11.51 physiological function heterologous expression in Nicotiana tabacum significantly improves its drought tolerance. Under drought treatment, NCED1-overexpressing tobacco plants exhibit higher germination rate, higher relative water content, content of soluble sugars and of abscisic acid when compared with the wild type plants 742038 1.13.11.51 physiological function heterologous expression of isoform NCED4 in Arabidopsis increases abscisic acid levels and alters plant size and leaf shape, delays seed germination, causes sugar oversensitivity in post-germination growth, and enhances tolerance to drought 764384 1.13.11.51 physiological function involved in terpenoid metabolism 706809 1.13.11.51 physiological function isoform NCED1 overexpression limits root and shoot biomass accumulation, which was correlated with decreased leaf gas exchange. In salinized plants, NCED1 overexpression reduces the percentage loss in shoot and root biomass accumulation, leading to a greater total root length than wild type. Under salinity, isoform NCED1 overexpression prevents the induction of genes involved in abscisic acid metabolism and gibberellin and auxin deactivation 765619 1.13.11.51 physiological function isoform NCED3a plays a role in drought stress and also takes part in salt tolerance 764988 1.13.11.51 physiological function isoform NCED5 regulates salt and water stress tolerance and leaf senescence in rice. Isoform NCED5 overexpression increases abscisic acid level, enhances tolerance to the stresses, and accelerates leaf senescence. The enzyme regulates plant development and stress resistance through control of abscisic acid biosynthesis 765616 1.13.11.51 physiological function NCED3 is the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for abscisic acid biosynthesis under osmotic stress, regulatory mechanisms of NCED3 expression, overview -, 712864 1.13.11.51 physiological function NCED4 expression is associated with natural variation in thermoinhibition of lettuce seeds -, 726168 1.13.11.51 physiological function NCED4 expression is required for thermoinhibition of lettuce seeds and that it may play additional roles in plant responses to elevated temperature (35°C). Gain or loss of function of NCED4 can mediate lettuce seed thermoinhibition. NCED4 expression is associated with natural variation in thermoinhibition of lettuce seeds -, 726168 1.13.11.51 physiological function Oryza sativa plants overexpressing NCED only show significantly higher tolerance to salinity at germination and better performance at seedling stages. The levels of abscisic acid in transgenic rice seedlings treated with 100 mM NaCl for 24 hours are higher than those of untransformed plants. A higher level of dihydrophaseic acid and abscisic acid glucose ester are also observed in these transgenic plants 742980 1.13.11.51 physiological function overexpression of NCED3 in Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type seedling results in enhanced tolerance to osmotic and cadmium stresses compared to the normal wild-type seedling. The transgenic lines display higher rates of seed germination, improved growth and developmental status, reduced water loss/oxidative damage, lowered apoptosis rates and increased abscisic acid accumulation 743547 1.13.11.51 physiological function role of NCEDs in regulating plant response to environmental stresses 746158 1.13.11.51 physiological function the enzyme mediates seed dormancy, plant growth, abiotic stress tolerance, and leaf senescence by regulating abscisic acid biosynthesis in rice 764795 1.13.11.51 physiological function transgenic Nicotiana nudicaulis plants constitutively overexpressing NCED1 contain higher abscisic acid levels than the wild-type under both normal growth conditions and drought stress. The transgenic lines display enhanced tolerance to dehydration, drought, salt and oxidative stresses. Lower levels of reactive oxygen spe­cies (H2O2 and O2-) are detected in the transgenic plants under dehydration and salt stress. Transcript levels of several genes associated with reactive oxygen species scavenging, osmoticum adjustment, and water main­tenance, and activities of two antioxidant enzymes are higher in the transgenic plants relative to the wild-type under the dehydration stress 743550