5.1.1.18 1,4-dithiothreitol chemical reduction with DTT increases the enzyme activity by elevating Vmax 727245 5.1.1.18 ADP - 662950 5.1.1.18 ADP activates, activation mechanism, overview 679781 5.1.1.18 ADP less effective than ATP 663268 5.1.1.18 ATP - 662359, 704657, 705049, 727156, 747702 5.1.1.18 ATP 1 mM, decrease of Km-value for racemization by 85%, allosteric mechanism. Inhibitory to L-serine O-sulfate dehydration reaction 662950 5.1.1.18 ATP activates 747202, 747903, 748126 5.1.1.18 ATP activates the enzyme independently from Mg2+, the nucleotide increases serine racemase activity even in the presence of EDTA, and the effect due to divalent ion and ATP is additive. In the presence of 1 mM ATP, the Km for L-serine is decreased 10fold with little change in Vmax 747888 5.1.1.18 ATP activates, activation mechanism, overview, synergistic with Ca2+ 679781 5.1.1.18 ATP activates, synergy between Mg2+ and ATP on activity 682293 5.1.1.18 ATP and MG2+, up to 5fold stimulation 663268 5.1.1.18 ATP as MgATP2-, the ATP binding site is located at the domain and the subunit interface 704535 5.1.1.18 ATP ATP binding to human serine racemase is strongly cooperative and modulated by glycine, the active-site ligand increases the serine racemase affinity for ATP by about 22fold, abolishing cooperativity. ATP increases the noncooperative glycine binding15fold 727482 5.1.1.18 ATP competes with inhibitor phosphatidylinositol(4,5)-bisphosphate for enzyme binding 706532 5.1.1.18 ATP MgATP- enhances both activities of RiSR, racemization and dehydration. At 1 mM MgATP on dehydration and racemization activities are enhanced 3fold and 13fold, respectively 748612 5.1.1.18 ATP required 682561 5.1.1.18 ATP the enzyme is allosterically controlled by ATP, which increases its activity around 7fold through a cooperative binding mechanism 747028 5.1.1.18 Ca2+ - 747702 5.1.1.18 D-serine up to 5fold increase in activity 662958 5.1.1.18 DTT - 705049 5.1.1.18 glutamate receptor interacting protein i.e. GRIP, a multi-PSD-95/discs large/ZO-1 domain protein, that is usually coupled to the GluR2/3 subunits of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid Ca2+ channel, in vivo activation by full-length GRIP, determination of required length and domains of the protein for activation, activation mechanism, overview 679781 5.1.1.18 glutamate receptor interacting protein i.e. GRIP, the carboxy terminus of the mouse enzyme contains an amino acid domain that binds to PSD-95/DlgA/zo-1 (PDZ)-containing proteins, such as GRIP, which subsequently activates the racemase. The PDZ domain is an important protein-protein interaction motif 728034 5.1.1.18 glycine active site ligand glycine increases the enzyme's affinity for ATP by 22fold and abolishes cooperativity while ATP increases the noncooperative glycine binding 15fold 747888 5.1.1.18 glycine glycine stabilizes a protein conformation that binds ATP non-cooperatively and with high affinity, the active-site ligand increases the serine racemase affinity for ATP by about 22fold, abolishing cooperativity. ATP increases the noncooperative glycine binding 15fold 727482 5.1.1.18 GTP - 662950 5.1.1.18 hydroxylamine activates Ser racemase activity, but inhibits Asp racemase activity 748126 5.1.1.18 metabotropic glutamate receptor i.e. mGluR5, on glia, activation mechanism of the D-serine synthesis needed for NMDA neurotransmission, overview 706532 5.1.1.18 Mg2+ - 747702 5.1.1.18 Mn2+ - 747702 5.1.1.18 additional information activation of enzyme by glutamate neurotransmission involving alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors 663242 5.1.1.18 additional information activation of serine racemase by divalent cations has been assumed to be a side-effect associated with ATP binding, activation mechanisms and ligand binding, molecular modelling with the human enzyme, overview 679781 5.1.1.18 additional information EDTA has no significant effect on enzyme activity 747903 5.1.1.18 additional information ketamine, a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, ketamine, transiently enhances the expression of the enzyme in the brain in all the brain areas, overview 679661 5.1.1.18 additional information Mg2+ and ATP modulate serine reacemase activity 747888 5.1.1.18 additional information no effect on Ser racemase activity by EDTA, KCl, and NaCl. Asp racemization is activated by divalent cations and nucleotide complexes 748126 5.1.1.18 additional information non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 causes an increase of serine racemase and D-serine levels in almost all brain areas, e.g. in striatum, hippocampus, cortex, diencephalon, midbrain, pons-medulla, and cerebellum, overview 679665 5.1.1.18 additional information the amyloid beta-peptide and secreted forms, liberated by alpha- or beta-secretase, of beta-amyloid precursor protein induce enzyme expression and lead to elevated D-serine levels in microglia, overview 679355 5.1.1.18 additional information the enzyme is activated by nucleotides. Serine racemase can also be activated by phosphorylation 728034 5.1.1.18 additional information the enzyme requires pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and divalent cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+, or Mn2+, but not ATP 682294 5.1.1.18 additional information the glutamate transmission activates the enzyme by degrading phospholipids 706532 5.1.1.18 morphine chronic administration significantly augments both serine racemase mRNA and protein expression in all brain regions and leads to slight but significant elevation in the concentration of D-serine in the cortex, striatum, and hippocampus 688608 5.1.1.18 protein interacting with C kinase 1 i.e. PICK1, the carboxy terminus of the mouse enzyme contains an amino acid domain that binds to PSD-95/DlgA/zo-1 (PDZ)-containing proteins, such as PICK1, which subsequently activates the racemase. The PDZ domain is an important protein-protein interaction motif 728034