1.14.16.2 1,4-dithiothreitol 48% activity without dithiotreitol 671818 1.14.16.2 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1.5 mM 673820 1.14.16.2 14-3-3gamma homodimeric 14-3-3gamma protein is the strongest activator 744005 1.14.16.2 14-3-3gamma protein homodimeric 14-3-3gamma protein is the strongest activator 744005 1.14.16.2 20-hydroxyecdysone 20-hydroxyecdysone feeding (0.06 mg) leads to a substantial rise in tyrosine hydroxylase activity 695907 1.14.16.2 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene tyrosine hydroxylase activity increases in the rat heart treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene 701155 1.14.16.2 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate i.e. 8-CPTcAMP, tyrosine hydroxylase protein level and activity rate are increased in MN9D cells in response to treatment with 8-CPTcAMP, mechanism, overview 689074 1.14.16.2 adenosine 3',5' cyclic monophosphate 1 mM 673820 1.14.16.2 Bathocuproine sulfonate slight activation 438684 1.14.16.2 Dextran sulfate activates the enzyme in the crude extract, less effective with the purified enzyme 438698 1.14.16.2 endothelin-1 effects of long-term modulation at different concentrations, overview 684367 1.14.16.2 endothelin-2 effects of long-term modulation at different concentrations, overview 684367 1.14.16.2 estradiol-17beta activating at concetration below 0.5 mM 673820 1.14.16.2 estradiol-17beta biphasic effects on in vivo and in vitro enzyme activity and kinetics. Low concentrations (1 nM) stimulate, and high concentrations (1 mM) inhibit 658785 1.14.16.2 forskolin forskolin selectively increases the phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase at Ser40 by 1.8fold without increasing total tyrosine hydroxylase protein levels 700435 1.14.16.2 forskolin i.e. 8-CPTcAMP, tyrosine hydroxylase protein level and activity rate are increased in MN9D cells in response to treatment with 8-CPTcAMP, mechanism, overview 689074 1.14.16.2 GTP cyclohydrolase I as concentrations of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin are increased (0.025 and 0.1 mM), the specific activity of tyrosine hydroxylase is stimulated in the presence of GTP cyclohydrolase I isoform C 698830 1.14.16.2 heparin 0.1 mg/ml, activates 438690, 438696 1.14.16.2 heparin activates the enzyme in the crude extract, less effective with the purified enzyme 438698 1.14.16.2 Hsc70 Hsc70 physically and functionally interacts with TH to regulate the enzyme activity and synaptic vesicle targeting 745347 1.14.16.2 juvenile hormone-III 0.0001 or 0.0002 mg juvenile hormone-III application leads to a substantial rise in tyrosine hydroxylase activity 695907 1.14.16.2 L-Dopa L-DOPA treatment (20-200 microM) increases the levels of dopamine by 226%-504% after 3-6 h of treatment and enhances the activities of tyrosine hydroxylase and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase 692194 1.14.16.2 additional information 10 ng/ml interleukin-1beta induces the phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase at Ser40 1.4fold, 0.0001 mM forskolin induces a 1.5fold increase on tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation 699662 1.14.16.2 additional information 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-4-ribofuranoside activates the enzyme via AMP-activated protein kinase activation, AMP-activated protein kinase activates the enzyme by reversible phosphorylation at Ser19, Ser31, and Ser40 688528 1.14.16.2 additional information 50 ng/ml epidermal growth factor significantly increases the phosphorylation of Ser31 in isoform TH1, while no phosphorylation of Ser35 in isoform TH2 is detected, stimulation with epidermal growth factor does not result in any changes in the phosphorylation of Ser40/44 or Ser19 or TH protein levels 696450 1.14.16.2 additional information activation by phosphorylation 438690, 438696, 438697, 438706, 438708 1.14.16.2 additional information amphetamines upregulate the enzymein the central nervous system and the olfactory tubercle, overview 684815 1.14.16.2 additional information cyclin-dependent kinase 5 phosphorylates tyrosine hydroxylase, but does not induce the enzyme expression 688960 1.14.16.2 additional information ethanol induces the enzyme activation of the cAMP/cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A pathway, the activation is reversible by ibogaine via glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, GNDF. Ethanol treatment results in an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase association with the chaperone heat shock protein that is mediated by the cAMP/PKA pathway and inhibited by GDNF, overview 687701 1.14.16.2 additional information inhibitory effect of several compounds on L-dopa-oxidase activity 438706 1.14.16.2 additional information KCl induces the enzyme through activation of protein kinase C and protein kinase A, inhibition of induction by inhibitors H89 and SQ22536, but not by inhibitor PP2, overview 688624 1.14.16.2 additional information long lasting induction of expression in anterior and posterior locus coelereus after injection of vindeburnol, i.e. RU24722, can be reversed by housing of the animals at 28°C 438704 1.14.16.2 additional information muscarine significantly increases the phosphorylation of Ser40/44 and induces a substantial increase in the phosphorylation of Ser19 in both isoform TH1 and TH2 cells 696450 1.14.16.2 additional information no activation by ETA and ETB selective agonists sarafotoxin S6b and IRL-1620, respectively 689999 1.14.16.2 additional information not activated by GSH 746478 1.14.16.2 additional information phosphorylation at Ser40 activates the enzyme 688541 1.14.16.2 additional information phosphorylation at Ser40 activates the enzyme, inhibition of alpha-synuclein, inhibiting enzyme phosphorylation, increases the enzyme activity 689178 1.14.16.2 additional information phosphorylation at Ser40 activates the enzyme, the phosphorylation is inhibited by alpha-synuclein, up to 183% induced by amphetamines, the phosphorylation inhibition is inhibited by melatonin, mechanisms, overview 689223 1.14.16.2 additional information phosphorylation at Ser40 in the regulatory domain activates the enzyme, the activation is inhibited by alpha-synuclein 689222 1.14.16.2 additional information phosphorylation of Ser40 abolishes the binding of dopamine to a high affinity site on the enzyme, thereby increasing the activity of the enzyme, the low-affinity dopamine-binding site is able to regulate tyrosine hydroxylase activity in both the non-phosphorylated and pSer40 forms of the enzyme, with dissociation of dopamine from the site increasing activity 12fold and 9fold respectively 688519 1.14.16.2 additional information postinfarct sympathetic hyperactivity differentially stimulates expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and norepinephrine transporter, in vitro stimulation of sympathetic neurons increases tyrosine hydroxylase and norepinephrine synthesis to a greater extent than it stimulates norepinephrine reuptake and the NE transporter, overviewoverview 684353 1.14.16.2 additional information stimulation with 0.01 mM forskolin significantly increases the phosphorylation of Ser40/44 in both isoform TH1 and TH2 cells. There is no significant difference in the level of forskolin-induced phosphorylation of Ser40/44 between isoform TH1 and TH2 cells. Ser31 phosphorylation levels are unchanged in isoform TH1, and phosphorylation of Ser35 is not detectable in isoform TH2 in either the control or stimulated cells, forskolin does not change Ser19 phosphorylation or total tyrosine hydroxylase protein levels in either cell type 696450 1.14.16.2 nitric oxide S-nitrosylation by nitric oxide at Cys279 enhances the enzymatic activity by about 25% 746478 1.14.16.2 phosphatidyl-L-serine activates 438697 1.14.16.2 phosphatidyl-L-serine no stimulation 438698 1.14.16.2 phosphatidylinositol 0.1 mg/ml activates 438690, 438696 1.14.16.2 phosphatidylinositol no stimulation 438698 1.14.16.2 Phospholipid activates 438697 1.14.16.2 Phospholipid no stimulation 438698 1.14.16.2 retinol retinol activates tyrosine hydroxylase in vivo via two sequential non-genomic mechanisms: 1. retinol induces an influx in extracellular calcium, activation of protein kinase C and Ser40 phosphorylation, leading to tyrosine hydroxylase activation within 15 min, 2. the retinol-induced rise in intracellular calcium leads to an increase in reactive oxygen species, activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Ser31 phosphorylation and the maintenance of tyrosine hydroxylase activation for up to 2 h 688508 1.14.16.2 RNA below 0.015 mg/ml activation, rat brain enzyme contains RNA, about 10% of the total mass 438683 1.14.16.2 SDS 0.01%, activates 438690 1.14.16.2 theophylline 1.5 mM 673820 1.14.16.2 thiols activate the L-dopa activity 438706 1.14.16.2 thyroxine stimulatory effect is due to increased affinity of the enzyme for its cofactor 6,7-dimethyl-2-amino-4-hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine 659583