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Literature summary extracted from

  • Mazzucchi, L.; Xu, Y.; Harvey, P.
    Stereoisomers of colourless carotenoids from the marine microalga Dunaliella salina (2020), Molecules, 25, 1880 .
    View publication on PubMedView publication on EuropePMC

Activating Compound

EC Number Activating Compound Comment Organism Structure
1.3.5.5 additional information light wavelengths affect the synthesis of carotenoids in Dunaliella salina. The red light increases the cellular content of all major carotenoids and total carotenoids. Concentrations of 15-cis-phytoene in cultures increase with light intensity under both red and blue light, being generally higher under red than blue light (more than double) Dunaliella salina

Application

EC Number Application Comment Organism
1.3.5.5 synthesis Dunalielle salina can be used as a cell factory for phytoene production Dunaliella salina

Inhibitors

EC Number Inhibitors Comment Organism Structure
1.3.5.5 chlorpropham
-
 Dunaliella salina
1.3.5.5 norflurazon
-
 Dunaliella salina

Localization

EC Number Localization Comment Organism GeneOntology No. Textmining
1.3.5.5 chloroplast
-
 Dunaliella salina 9507
-

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
1.3.5.5 15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinone Dunaliella salina
-
 9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + plastoquinol
-
 ?
1.3.5.5 15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinone Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/41 (PLY DF15)
-
 9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + plastoquinol
-
 ?
1.3.5.5 15-cis-phytoene + plastoquinone Dunaliella salina
-
 15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinol
-
 ?
1.3.5.5 15-cis-phytoene + plastoquinone Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/41 (PLY DF15)
-
 15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinol
-
 ?
1.3.5.5 additional information Dunaliella salina geranylgeranyl diphosphate is catalysed by phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase to phytoene and phytofluene, respectively. The subsequent steps involve desaturation, isomerisation and cyclisation reactions to form alpha- and beta-carotene stereoisomers, via all-trans lycopene ?
-
-
1.3.5.5 additional information Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/41 (PLY DF15) geranylgeranyl diphosphate is catalysed by phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase to phytoene and phytofluene, respectively. The subsequent steps involve desaturation, isomerisation and cyclisation reactions to form alpha- and beta-carotene stereoisomers, via all-trans lycopene ?
-
-

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
1.3.5.5 Dunaliella salina Q3ZDQ0
-
-
1.3.5.5 Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/41 (PLY DF15) Q3ZDQ0
-
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
1.3.5.5 15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinone
-
 Dunaliella salina 9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + plastoquinol
-
 ?
1.3.5.5 15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinone
-
 Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/41 (PLY DF15) 9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + plastoquinol
-
 ?
1.3.5.5 15-cis-phytoene + plastoquinone
-
 Dunaliella salina 15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinol
-
 ?
1.3.5.5 15-cis-phytoene + plastoquinone
-
 Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/41 (PLY DF15) 15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinol
-
 ?
1.3.5.5 additional information geranylgeranyl diphosphate is catalysed by phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase to phytoene and phytofluene, respectively. The subsequent steps involve desaturation, isomerisation and cyclisation reactions to form alpha- and beta-carotene stereoisomers, via all-trans lycopene Dunaliella salina ?
-
-
1.3.5.5 additional information geranylgeranyl diphosphate is catalysed by phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase to phytoene and phytofluene, respectively. The subsequent steps involve desaturation, isomerisation and cyclisation reactions to form alpha- and beta-carotene stereoisomers, via all-trans lycopene Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/41 (PLY DF15) ?
-
-

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
1.3.5.5 PDS
-
 Dunaliella salina

General Information

EC Number General Information Comment Organism
1.3.5.5 malfunction high light stress, red light stress, or use of a phytoene desaturase inhibitor or a mitotic disrupter herbicide lead to the accumulation of 15-cis phytoene but not all-trans phytoene. Bleaching herbicides such as norflurazon are known to boost phytoene accumulation in the cells of Dunaliella salina and other higher plants, by inhibiting PDS, which prevents the conversion of phytoene to phytofluene Dunaliella salina
1.3.5.5 metabolism determination of the phytoene isomers in Dunaliella salina by NMR spectrocopy and analysis of the carotenoid synthesis pathway of Dunaliella salina, overview Dunaliella salina
1.3.5.5 physiological function carotenoids comprise a diverse range of naturally occurring stereoisomers, which differ in their physico-chemical properties. Their biosynthesis begins with phytoene, which is a rarity among carotenoids because it is colourless. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate is catalysed by phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase to phytoene and phytofluene, respectively. The subsequent steps involve desaturation, isomerisation and cyclisation reactions to form alpha- and beta-carotene stereoisomers, via all-trans lycopene. The marine microalga Dunaliella salina is the richest source of beta-carotene, but it can accumulate phytoene and phytofluene as well. Dunaliella salina, similar to tomato, produces predominantly 15-cis phytoene isomer (over 98%) and a trace amount of all-trans phytoene (below 2%). 9-cis phytoene is not detected in any of the extracts of Dunaliella salina biomass. 15-cis phytoene is the most abundant isomer in Dunaliella salina and that it is subject to a series of isomerisation and desaturation reactions to form all-trans and 9-cis beta-carotene Dunaliella salina