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Literature summary extracted from

  • Zhong, Y.; Huang, J.; Liu, J.; Li, Y.; Jiang, Y.; Xu, Z.; Sandmann, G.; Chen, F.
    Functional characterization of various algal carotenoid ketolases reveals that ketolating zeaxanthin efficiently is essential for high production of astaxanthin in transgenic Arabidopsis (2011), J. Exp. Bot., 62, 3659-3669 .
    View publication on PubMedView publication on EuropePMC

Cloned(Commentary)

EC Number Cloned (Comment) Organism
1.14.99.63 expression in Escherichia coli Haematococcus lacustris
1.14.99.64 expression in Escherichia coli Chromochloris zofingiensis
1.14.99.64 expression in Escherichia coli Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
1.14.99.64 transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana expressing the beta-carotene ketolase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii develop orange leaves which accumulate astaxanthin up to 2 mg/g dry weight with a 1.8fold increase in total carotenoids. The ketolases with high activity of converting zeaxanthin to astaxanthin triggers transgenic Arabidopsis to accumulate large amounts of astaxanthin in leaves and seeds Chromochloris zofingiensis
1.14.99.64 transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana expressing the beta-carotene ketolase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii develop orange leaves which accumulate astaxanthin up to 2 mg/g dry weight with a 1.8fold increase in total carotenoids. The ketolases with high activity of converting zeaxanthin to astaxanthin triggers transgenic Arabidopsis to accumulate large amounts of astaxanthin in leaves and seeds Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
1.14.99.64 adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 Chromochloris zofingiensis the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of astaxanthin (3S,3'S)-astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
 ?
1.14.99.64 adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of astaxanthin (3S,3'S)-astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
 ?
1.14.99.64 zeaxanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 Chromochloris zofingiensis the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of astaxanthin adonixanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
 ?
1.14.99.64 zeaxanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of astaxanthin adonixanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
 ?

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
1.14.99.63 Haematococcus lacustris E2DRF9
-
-
1.14.99.64 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Q4VKB4
-
-
1.14.99.64 Chromochloris zofingiensis Q5U931
-
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
1.14.99.63 additional information the enzyme shows low (about 1%) conversion rate from zeaxanthin to astaxanthin Haematococcus lacustris ?
-
 ?
1.14.99.64 adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of astaxanthin Chromochloris zofingiensis (3S,3'S)-astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
 ?
1.14.99.64 adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of astaxanthin Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (3S,3'S)-astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
 ?
1.14.99.64 adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 the enzyme shows high (about 85%) conversion rate from zeaxanthin to astaxanthin Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (3S,3'S)-astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
 ?
1.14.99.64 adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 the enzyme shows moderate (about 38%) conversion rate from zeaxanthin to astaxanthin Chromochloris zofingiensis (3S,3'S)-astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
 ?
1.14.99.64 zeaxanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of astaxanthin Chromochloris zofingiensis adonixanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
 ?
1.14.99.64 zeaxanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of astaxanthin Chlamydomonas reinhardtii adonixanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
 ?
1.14.99.64 zeaxanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 the enzyme shows high (about 85%) conversion rate from zeaxanthin to astaxanthin Chlamydomonas reinhardtii adonixanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
 ?
1.14.99.64 zeaxanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 the enzyme shows moderate (about 38%) conversion rate from zeaxanthin to astaxanthin Chromochloris zofingiensis adonixanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
 ?

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
1.14.99.63 beta-carotene ketolase
-
 Haematococcus lacustris
1.14.99.63 BKT3
-
 Haematococcus lacustris
1.14.99.64 beta-carotene/zeaxanthin ketolase
-
 Chromochloris zofingiensis
1.14.99.64 beta-carotene/zeaxanthin ketolase
-
 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
1.14.99.64 bkt ambiguous Chromochloris zofingiensis
1.14.99.64 bkt ambiguous Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

General Information

EC Number General Information Comment Organism
1.14.99.64 metabolism the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of astaxanthin Chromochloris zofingiensis
1.14.99.64 metabolism the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of astaxanthin Chlamydomonas reinhardtii