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Literature summary extracted from

  • Dressen, A.; Hilberath, T.; Mackfeld, U.; Billmeier, A.; Rudat, J.; Pohl, M.
    Phenylalanine ammonia lyase from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPAL2) A potent MIO-enzyme for the synthesis of non-canonical aromatic alpha-amino acids Part I Comparative characterization to the enzymes from Petroselinum crispum (PcPAL1) and Rhodosporidium to the enzymes from Petroselinum crispum (PcPAL1) and Rhodosporidium toruloides (RtPAL) (2017), J. Biotechnol., 258, 148-157 .
    View publication on PubMed

Application

EC Number Application Comment Organism
4.3.1.24 drug development AtPAL2 is a very good catalyst for the formation of 3-fluoro-L-phenylalanine, 4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine and 2-chloro-L-phenylalanine. Such noncanonical amino acids are valuable building blocks for the formation of various drug molecules Arabidopsis thaliana
4.3.1.24 synthesis AtPAL2 is a very good catalyst for the formation of 3-fluoro-L-phenylalanine, 4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine and 2-chloro-L-phenylalanine. Such noncanonical amino acids are valuable building blocks for the formation of various drug molecules Arabidopsis thaliana

Cloned(Commentary)

EC Number Cloned (Comment) Organism
4.3.1.24 expression in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) Arabidopsis thaliana
4.3.1.24 expression in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) Petroselinum crispum
4.3.1.25 expression in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) Rhodotorula toruloides

KM Value [mM]

EC Number KM Value [mM] KM Value Maximum [mM] Substrate Comment Organism Structure
4.3.1.24 0.05
-
 L-phenylalanine pH 8.8, 30°C Arabidopsis thaliana
4.3.1.24 0.05
-
 L-phenylalanine pH 8.8, 30°C Petroselinum crispum
4.3.1.24 0.05
-
 trans-cinnamate pH 10, 30°C Arabidopsis thaliana
4.3.1.24 0.05
-
 trans-cinnamate pH 10, 30°C Petroselinum crispum
4.3.1.24 1.68
-
 L-tyrosine pH 8.8, 30°C Arabidopsis thaliana
4.3.1.25 0.21
-
 L-tyrosine pH 8.8, 30°C Rhodotorula toruloides
4.3.1.25 0.54
-
 L-phenylalanine pH 8.8, 30°C Rhodotorula toruloides
4.3.1.25 0.93
-
 trans-cinnamate pH 10, 30°C Rhodotorula toruloides

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
4.3.1.24 Arabidopsis thaliana P45724
-
-
4.3.1.24 Petroselinum crispum P24481
-
-
4.3.1.25 Rhodotorula toruloides P11544
-
-

Purification (Commentary)

EC Number Purification (Comment) Organism
4.3.1.24
-
 Arabidopsis thaliana
4.3.1.24
-
 Petroselinum crispum
4.3.1.25
-
 Rhodotorula toruloides

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
4.3.1.24 2-chloro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 50.5% conversion Petroselinum crispum 2-chloro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 2-chloro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 96.4% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 2-chloro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 2-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 95.8% conversion Petroselinum crispum 2-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 2-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 96.1% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 2-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 2-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 15.5% conversion Petroselinum crispum 2-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 2-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 22.0% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 2-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 2-methoxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 54.6% conversion Petroselinum crispum 2-methoxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 2-methoxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 52.7% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 2-methoxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 3-chloro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 91.7% conversion Petroselinum crispum 3-chloro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 3-chloro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 92.6% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 3-chloro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 3-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 52.1% conversion Petroselinum crispum 3-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 3-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 91.2% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 3-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 3-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 70.6% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 3-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 3-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 85.7% conversion Petroselinum crispum 3-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 3-methoxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 85.0% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 3-methoxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 3-methoxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 85.7% conversion Petroselinum crispum 3-methoxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 4-chloro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 89.1% conversion Petroselinum crispum 4-chloro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 4-chloro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 91.7% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 4-chloro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 4-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 65.9% conversion Petroselinum crispum 4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 4-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 84.7% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 4-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 0.8% conversion Petroselinum crispum 4-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 4-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 0.9% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 4-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 4-methoxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 6.4% conversion Petroselinum crispum 4-methoxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 4-methoxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 2.5% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 4-methoxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 L-phenylalanine the enzyme is specific for L-phenylalanine Petroselinum crispum trans-cinnamate + NH3
-
 r
4.3.1.24 L-phenylalanine the enzyme is specific for L-phenylalanine, and shows low activity with L-tyrosine Arabidopsis thaliana trans-cinnamate + NH3
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 L-tyrosine the enzyme is specific for L-phenylalanine, and shows low activity with L-tyrosine Arabidopsis thaliana trans-p-hydroxycinnamate + NH3
-
 ?
4.3.1.24 trans-cinnamate + NH3 85.2% conversion Petroselinum crispum L-phenylalanine
-
 r
4.3.1.24 trans-cinnamate + NH3 89.6% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.25 2-chloro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 51.4% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 2-chloro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.25 2-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 94.3% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 2-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.25 2-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 15.7% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 2-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.25 2-methoxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 64.9% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 2-methoxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.25 3-chloro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 71.6% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 3-chloro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.25 3-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 61.5% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 3-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.25 3-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 30.3% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 3-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.25 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 60.3% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.25 3-methoxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 77.8% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 3-methoxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.25 4-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 57.5% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.25 4-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 61.1% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 4-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.25 4-methoxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 0.7% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 4-methoxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4.3.1.25 L-phenylalanine the bifunctional enzyme shows KM-values for L-Phe and L-Tyr in the same order of magnitude Rhodotorula toruloides trans-cinnamate + NH3
-
 r
4.3.1.25 L-tyrosine the bifunctional enzyme shows KM-values for L-Phe and L-Tyr in the same order of magnitude Rhodotorula toruloides trans-p-hydroxycinnamate + NH3
-
 ?
4.3.1.25 trans-cinnamate + NH3 83.3% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides L-phenylalanine
-
 r

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
4.3.1.24 AtPAL2
-
 Arabidopsis thaliana
4.3.1.24 PcPAL1
-
 Petroselinum crispum
4.3.1.25 RtPAL
-
 Rhodotorula toruloides

Temperature Optimum [°C]

EC Number Temperature Optimum [°C] Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
4.3.1.24 55 60 deamination activity Arabidopsis thaliana
4.3.1.24 55 60 deamination activity Petroselinum crispum
4.3.1.25 55 60 deamination activity Rhodotorula toruloides

Temperature Range [°C]

EC Number Temperature Minimum [°C] Temperature Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
4.3.1.24 30 55 increase of deamination activity from 30°C-55°C Arabidopsis thaliana
4.3.1.24 30 55 increase of deamination activity from 30°C-55°C Petroselinum crispum
4.3.1.25 30 55 increase of deamination activity from 30°C-55°C Rhodotorula toruloides

Temperature Stability [°C]

EC Number Temperature Stability Minimum [°C] Temperature Stability Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
4.3.1.24 30
-
 half-life: 3.4 days Petroselinum crispum
4.3.1.24 30
-
 half-life: 4.6 days Arabidopsis thaliana
4.3.1.25 30
-
 half-life: 9.7 days Rhodotorula toruloides

Turnover Number [1/s]

EC Number Turnover Number Minimum [1/s] Turnover Number Maximum [1/s] Substrate Comment Organism Structure
4.3.1.24 0.05
-
 L-tyrosine pH 8.8, 30°C Arabidopsis thaliana
4.3.1.24 0.39
-
 trans-cinnamate pH 10, 30°C Arabidopsis thaliana
4.3.1.24 0.46
-
 trans-cinnamate pH 10, 30°C Petroselinum crispum
4.3.1.24 2.6
-
 L-phenylalanine pH 8.8, 30°C Arabidopsis thaliana
4.3.1.24 2.64
-
 L-phenylalanine pH 8.8, 30°C Petroselinum crispum
4.3.1.25 1.02
-
 L-tyrosine pH 8.8, 30°C Rhodotorula toruloides
4.3.1.25 1.04
-
 trans-cinnamate pH 10, 30°C Rhodotorula toruloides
4.3.1.25 5.99
-
 L-phenylalanine pH 8.8, 30°C Rhodotorula toruloides

pH Optimum

EC Number pH Optimum Minimum pH Optimum Maximum Comment Organism
4.3.1.24 8 9 deamination activity Arabidopsis thaliana
4.3.1.24 8 9 deamination and amination activity Petroselinum crispum
4.3.1.24 10.5
-
 amination activity Arabidopsis thaliana
4.3.1.25 7.5
-
 deamination activity Rhodotorula toruloides
4.3.1.25 10.5
-
 amination activity Rhodotorula toruloides

Cofactor

EC Number Cofactor Comment Organism Structure
4.3.1.24 3,5-dihydro-5-methylidene-4H-imidazol-4-one the cofactor is regenerated during the reaction cycle and thus does not require external cofactor regeneration Arabidopsis thaliana
4.3.1.25 3,5-dihydro-5-methylidene-4H-imidazol-4-one the cofactor is regenerated during the reaction cycle and thus does not require external cofactor regeneration Rhodotorula toruloides

kcat/KM [mM/s]

EC Number kcat/KM Value [1/mMs-1] kcat/KM Value Maximum [1/mMs-1] Substrate Comment Organism Structure
4.3.1.24 0.03
-
 L-tyrosine pH 8.8, 30°C Arabidopsis thaliana
4.3.1.24 8.19
-
 trans-cinnamate pH 10, 30°C Arabidopsis thaliana
4.3.1.24 9.13
-
 trans-cinnamate pH 10, 30°C Petroselinum crispum
4.3.1.24 55.06
-
 L-phenylalanine pH 8.8, 30°C Petroselinum crispum
4.3.1.24 56.62
-
 L-phenylalanine pH 8.8, 30°C Arabidopsis thaliana
4.3.1.25 1.11
-
 trans-cinnamate pH 10, 30°C Rhodotorula toruloides
4.3.1.25 4.92
-
 L-tyrosine pH 8.8, 30°C Rhodotorula toruloides
4.3.1.25 11.03
-
 L-phenylalanine pH 8.8, 30°C Rhodotorula toruloides